ὀπτέων. III. ΙΙΙ. 113, ανατριβομενέων τῶν οὐρέων. VII. 188, τοσου τέων μυριαδέων.

(ε) The dative plural in Ionic ends in -ησι; the termination -ns is rarely found in Homer, and there are only three examples of the termination -ais (Il. XII. 284; Od. v. 119, xxII. 471). The Dorians, Æolians, and Attic dramatists have both -ars and -αισι, and the latter is found even in Plato.

() The Dorians sometimes shortened the -as of the accusative plural (above, 39, IV. 1), and the Folians wrote -ais for -av-s without a circumflex, as they did also in the nom. of the 1 aor. participle. In Doric also the gen. in -ao is represented by -a, and this form is retained by some words in common Greek, as proper names like Νουμάς, gen. Νουμά, and the compounds πατραλοίας, μητραλοίας, ὀρνιθοθήρας, gen. πατραλοία, &c.

SECOND DECLENSION IN -0.

166 The second declension departs very little from the primitive type.

(α) In the singular, masculine and feminine nominatives retain thes, and there is no distinction in form between the masculine and feminine. The following nouns in -os are feminine :

(1) Names of countries, islands, cities, and plants, according to the general rule (Art. 150 (2)); hence also ἡ ῥάφανος, ἡ ῥάβδος, ἡ δοκός, ἡ βίβλος, ἡ δέλτος.

(2) Appellatives in -os, which imply a feminine substantive, as ἤπειρος, χέρσος, νέος, περίχωρος, ἔρημος, νῆσος (from νέω), with which we understand y. Also names of particular kinds of earth, ὡς ἄμαθος, ἄργιλος, ἄσφαλτος, μίλτος, γύψος, σποδός, τίτανος, ψάμμος, ύαλος. Also other words in which there is an obvious ellipsis of a feminine substantive, as ἡ κέρκος, i.e. οὐρά, whence κερκοῦρος ; ἡ γνάθος, referring to γένυς; ἡ διάμετρος, ἡ κάθετος, i.e. γραμμή; ἡ διάλεκτος, i.e. φωνή; ἡ σύγκλητος, i.e. βουλή; ἡ ξύλοχος, i.e. ὕλη; ἡ ἁμάξιτος, ἄτραπος, ἀτράπιτος, κέλευθος, λεωφόρος, τρίβος, i.e. ὁδός; ἡ τήβεννος, i.e. στολή; ἡ βάρβιτος, i.e. κιθάρα; also ὁ βάρβιτος, τὸ βάρβιτον.

(3) Names of precious stones, as ἡ σμάραγδος, ἡ σάπφειρος, ἡ κρύσταλλος, ἡ ψῆφος, and generally ἡ λίθος, “ a precious stone,

as distinguished from ó Xíos, any stone (though Homer twice uses ý λ. for ó λ. Il. XII. 287, XIX. 494).

(4) Many names of receptacles and other concave or hollowed things are feminine; thus ἡ κιβωτός, κάμινος, χηλός, ἀσάμινθος, πύελος, σορός, φωριαμός, κάρδοπος, ἄῤῥιχος, ληνός, λήκυθος, πρόχoos, and ὁ, ἡ λάγηνος; hence also κάπετος, τάφρος, and perhaps ὁδός.

(5) The feminine denotes a collection of things; thus ππos is "a body of cavalry;" ʼn káμŋλos, "a troop of camels;" &c. Hence ἡ κόπρος, “ the heap of dung:” cf. χίλιοι from χιλός.

The following cannot easily be referred to any one of these classes: Spóoos, "the dew (the collection of drops?);" vóσos, "the disease (the flux or running?);" μýpulos, "the string;" Tivos, "the brick."

(b) The genitive in -Oev often occurs: the original -σo-v appears in derivative adjectives, as in δημόσιο-s from δῆμος: in epic poetry this appears as o-to, and in common prose we have the contraction -ov for 0-10= oeo or oo.

(c) In the dative the characteristic - is absorbed in the improper diphthong - (above, 125).

(d) The accusative retains its primitive -v.

(e) The vocative substitutes -e for the final -o of the uninflected form.

In the plural -o-σes becomes o- ol. The genitive-ending, as in the other declensions, is contracted into -wv. The dative is -οισι οι οις. The accusative substitutes -ous for ov-s.

The dual is always -w, -ow.

167 The neuter preserves the accusative -v in the singular, and, as usual, substitutes -ă for the plural -T. Of course, the nominative and vocative do not differ from the accusative. In the other cases, the neuter corresponds to the masculine and feminine.

168 The three nouns, ó óyos1, masc. "the discourse" (root, Mey-, “to pick or to speak;" uninflected form, λoyo-), ʼn vóσos, fem. "the disease” (originally voûσos, root, veƑ-, “to flow;" uninflected

1 The declension of the article, which is commonly used by grammarians to indicate the genders of nouns, is given in its proper place among the pronouns (below, 238).

form, νόσο-), and τὸ ξύλον, “ the hewn timber” (root, ξέF or ξύ, “ to cut smooth;” uninfected form, ξύλο-), furnish regular examples of this declension.

169 When the uninflected form ends in -oo or -co, the last two syllables are contracted throughout the declension, thus:

Obs.

There are some anomalies in the accentuation of these contracted nouns. It will be observed that in the dual -έω, -όω make ώ

and not; adjectives like xpocos are contracted into xovorovs, contrary to 52, Obs.; and the same applies to κávcov, κavovv. Compounds of Voûs, #lous, &c. retain the accent on the penultima in the contracted forms; thus we have ἄνους, ἄνου, ἄνῳ; εὔνους, εὔνου, εἶνοι; κακόνους, κακόνοι; είσπλους, διέκπλους, εἶσπλοι, διέκπλοι.

In

170 As the genitive in -ão becomes -ew in Ionic, so the AtticIonic dialect substitutes -ew for -ão, when the a is long (see above, 145), and the termination exhibits a throughout the cases. these nouns it will generally be found that the uninflected form ends in the digamma F, represented by either or u,-the ultimate conditions of its guttural and labial elements respectively (see 95). For example, News, masc. "the people" (root, XeF-, uninflected form, XéFo-, also não-), ews, fem. "the morning" (root, au- or eF-, uninflected form, éƑa-), ȧvóyewv, neut. "an upper chamber" (compound from avw, "above," and yaía, "the earth," root, yai- or yeF-) are thus declined:

Similarly news, "the morning,"

äλws, "the threshing-floor," except that the accus. sing. is ew, aλw: and the final -v is omitted with some other nouns of this form, as ó Máyws, “the hare," and the proper names, Αθως, Κέως, Κως, Τέως and Μίνως; and ἀγήρως makes ἀγήρω as well as ἀγήρων.

It will be observed, that as this contracted declension, strictly speaking, includes forms which end with - or -v, it belongs to the following or consonantal declension, according to which these nouns are also very frequently declined. Conversely, it will be

observed that nouns of the third declension from forms in - or -v usually retain the -v of the accusative singular (below, 186). In general, there are very few nouns in -ws belonging strictly to the second declension. Besides those already mentioned, we have ὁ κάλως, “ the rope,” which makes κάλωες, κάλωας, κάλωσι in the Ionic poets; véws, "a temple," which has the by-form vaós; the adjectives News, "gracious," Tλéws, "full," and certain compounds in -γεως, -χρεως, -κέρως, -γελως, -γηρως, and -ερως; as λεπτόγεως, "having light soil," ağıóxpews, "reliable," Baðvyńpws, “very old," μovokéρws, "one-horned," piλoyéλws, “fond of laughing," Svoépws, "unfortunate in love." The last three are also inflected in -ωτος, and the neuter plurals of ἵλεως and πλέως are ἵλεα and

πλέα.

Obs. 1 It will be observed that oxytones in -ws retain the acute accent even in the genitive singular, and the proparoxytones maintain their accent unchanged throughout all the cases. There is no good authority for the accentuation of ὑπέργηρων, ταχύγηρως, and βαθύγηρως, as they are written in some MSS. (Æsch. Agam. 79; Aristot. Rhet. 1. 5; Anth. Pal. VI. 247).

Obs. 2 There are some nouns in -ws (as Néκws) or -ovs (as 'Inσoûs), chiefly foreign, and not belonging to this class, which retain the w or ov throughout, thus:

-ως, -W, -@,

-ων, -w,

-ους, -ου, -ου, -ουν, -ου.

General Remarks on the Second Declension.

171 Dialects: (a) The gen. sing. in Æolic, Doric, and bucolic Greek ends in -w; in the Thessalian dialect in -o for -oo; in the epic and lyric both in -ov and in -oo, and in -wo from nouns in -ws; in new Ionic in -ov, and in proper names sometimes in -ew, as in Βάττεω, Κροίσεω.

(B) The dat. sing. in Eolic ends in -w without iota subscript.

(7) The gen. and dat. dual in epic Greek end in -ouv.

(8) The gen. pl. sometimes ends in -ewv or -awv, as from a by-form of the first declension.

(e) The dat. pl. is -ous or -out in all dialects, and even Plato uses the longer form.

(3) The accus. pl. in Doric and Boeotic ends in -ws or -os, the latter omitting the v of ovs, as in ès for eis évs.