facts of the Greek language, and find it most convenient to have these facts stated in the book to which they appeal for the leading principles of grammar.

In accordance with this extended plan, I have now combined. an exhibition of all the forms and constructions of classical Greek, with a practical, and, I hope, a lucid statement of the results, which I have obtained by independent investigations in comparative philology and the philosophy of language. The labours of former grammarians have nearly exhausted the field of research, in regard to the ordinary details of Greek accidence and construction; and in many particulars nothing was required of me, in enlarging this book, beyond the application of judgment and practical experience in bringing out things new and old from the various treasure-houses, to which I had such ready access. On the other hand, there were many points, and those among the most important, in which my predecessors had not observed the phenomena with due accuracy, and in which I was obliged to rely entirely on the results of my own reading. As far as the higher philology is concerned, the whole of this book presumes a reference to the speculations, and, I may almost venture to say, the established conclusions of the New Cratylus, and I reserve for that work, a new edition of which is about to appear, all discussions on the general principles and reasonings, which are here presented in their naked results. The main feature, however, of this book is the arrangement of the facts; and I am convinced, not only by my own experience, but also by the approval of the most competent judges, that the order which I have adopted, I believe for the first time, is that alone by which scientific grammar can be developed in a form calculated to ensure a methodical comprehension of the subject by an intelligent scholar.

My relations, then, to my immediate forerunners in the department of Greek Grammar are simply as follows. While the investigation of principles, the whole arrangement of the materials, and

most of the characteristic details, all in fact that can constitute originality in a book of this kind, must be regarded as mine in this as in the former edition, I have thought it right to place before me the most recent and generally esteemed of the treatises on Greek Grammar, which have appeared on the continent during the last few years, especially the works of Mehlhorn, Krüger, and Rost. These writers have been my task-masters, to indicate and prescribe the amount of work which I had to perform, if I did not wish to omit any of the details, which would be sought in such a manual: and they have also furnished me liberally with straw to make my bricks; for I have freely availed myself of their collections of examples, and, as the special references will show, I have occasionally adopted in extenso their paradigms and synoptical statements of well-known particulars. At the same time, I have not shrunk from the mechanical labour of re-writing anything, however notorious or elementary, which I thought I could improve by my own way of stating it. As Aristotle has well observed (Eth. Nic. I. 7, § 16), all the advancement that has taken place in the different arts has arisen from successive attempts to adapt and improve what is already before the world. And I am just as anxious that my predecessors should have full credit for all that I have borrowed from them, as I am to vindicate my own distinctive position, as one who has made a step in advance, without which the publication of a new Greek Grammar would have been a superfluous undertaking. I therefore subjoin a list of all the grammatical works which I have consulted during the composition of my book, or with which I had previously made acquaintance, and, on the Pindaric principle (Ol. XIII. 17) that άπav evρóvтos ěpyov, I relinquish before-hand all claim to the merit of anything in this book, which, whether I know it or not, is to be found also in any of the works here cited. At the same time I must express my full conviction that whatever is common to this book with previous Grammars will be found more or less in all similar treatises; and I

know that, as a whole, it is emphatically the result of independent study and long experience as a teacher.

(1) Jacobi Welleri Grammatica Græca Nova edidit J. F. FISCHERUS. Lipsia, 1781.

(2) Animadversiones ad Jac. Welleri Grammaticam Græcam auctore J. F. FISCHERO. Lipsia, 1798.

(3) A Copious Greek Grammar, by AUGUSTUS MATTHIE, translated by E. V. Blomfield'. Fifth Edition. London, 1832.

(4) A Greek Grammar for the Use of Schools, abridged from the Greek Grammar of A. Matthiæ, by C. J. BLOMFIELD, D.D., Bishop of London. Seventh Edition. London, 1845.

(5) Ausführliche Griechische Sprachlehre von PHILIPP BUTTMANN. Berlin, 1830. Second Edition.

(6) Griechische Grammatik von P. BUTTMANN. Berlin, 1833. Fourteenth Edition.

(7) Buttmann's Larger Greek Grammar, translated by E. RoBINSON. Andover, U. S. 1833.

(8) Méthode pour étudier la Langue Grecque, par J. L. BURNOUF. Paris, 1814. Second Edition.

(9) Græcæ Grammatica Rudimenta (auct. C. WORDSWORTH). Oxon. 1844. Fifth Edition.

(10) A Grammar of the Greek Language, chiefly from the German of R. Kühner, by W. E. JELF. Oxford, 1843-5.

1 This work may be regarded as the first commencement of improved Greek Grammars in this country. If the life of the translator had been spared, we should have been indebted to him also for anticipating by about twelve years, the Greek and English lexicography which has lately done so much to facilitate the labours of the young student. Some time ago the late Bishop of London allowed me to inspect at my leisure the MSS. of his brother's adaptation of Schneider, and I can thus speak, from my own knowledge, of the advantages which would have been secured to an earlier race of scholars, if Mr E. V. Blomfield had been permitted to complete what he had so well begun.

(11) Griechische Grammatik von Dr MEHLHORN. Halle, 1845. (First Part).

(12) Griechische Sprachlehre für Schulen von K. W. KRÜGER. Berlin, 1846.

(13) Syntax des griechischen Verbums von Dr F. SCHMALFELD. Eisleben, 1846.

(14) Syntax der griechischen Sprache von J. N. MADVIG. Braunschweig, 1847.

(15) A Greek Grammar, by T. K. ARNOLD. London, 1848. (16) Paralipomena Grammaticæ Græcæ scripsit C. A. LOBECK. Lipsia, 1837.

(17) Griechische Grammatik von Dr V. C. F. ROST. Göttingen, 1856. Seventh Edition.

A regard for the convenience of the student has induced me to retain the terminology and formal divisions found in previous grammars. The nomenclature adopted by comparative philology is mentioned and explained; but it is not substituted for older grammatical terms. The division of the predicates into primary, secondary, and tertiary, on which the syntax depends, can create no difficulty, and I am happy to say that it is beginning to find favour with some of the best scholars in the country.

The numerous translations of peculiar phrases and difficult constructions, which will be found in this edition of the syntax, will, I feel sure, contribute very materially towards its adoption by those who are really anxious to gain a practical mastery over the diction of the best writers. And these exemplifications of the principles laid down may perhaps conduce to the diffusion of an exactness of scholarship, which I, for one, have too often missed even in the examination papers of the ablest and most elaborately disciplined competitors for public distinctions and emoluments.

As this work has now been before the world for some time,the present edition of the syntax in particular being the fourth that I have had an opportunity of revising,—and as it has been already well received by many whose favourable opinion is of the greatest weight, I venture to hope that the labour, which I have now bestowed upon the book, will not be unacceptable to the important class of students, for whose use it is more immediately designed.

J. W. D.

CAMBRIDGE,

14 February, 1859.