Bowen v. Bailey. tion of the instrument, not changing its legal operation, so long as the original writing remains legible. There is no allegation in the plea in question that the insertion of the words "in gold" into the note was made by the deceased payee. These words may have been inserted by a stranger. If this alteration was material, and was shown by the plea to have been done by the deceased, it would have been repugnant to all principles of justice for the court to have overruled the demurrer to this plea, it being beyond the power of the administrator of the deceased payee to explain how, when, or by whom, the alteration was made. We concur with the learned judge in his view of the legal effect of the allegations of the plea in question, and see no reason to disturb the judgment or the demurrer. (The remainder of the opinion relates to questions of practice.) Let the judgment be affirmed. BOWEN, appellant, v. BAILEY. (42 Miss. 405.) Covenant on sale of lands In a contract for the sale of land the vendee agreed to pay the purchasemoney in installments, and the vendor executed a bond conditioned to deliver the deed upon the payment of the last installment; held, that the covenants were independent and that the vendor might enforce payment of all the installments without first tendering a deed. See Robinson v. Harbour, post, where a contrary doctrine is held by the same court. AT the October term, 1866, the appellees filed their bill in the chancery court of Washington county against appellant, and alleged therein that Mrs. S. A. E. Bailey, during the life-time of her first husband, Richard Griffith, and together with him, made a contract for the conveyance of certain lands, on the 7th of November, 1856, with appellant, which land was owned by Mrs. Bailey, then Mrs. Griffith, in her own right. By this contract appellant was to make and deliver four promissory notes, each for the sum of $3,505, maturing at one, two, three and four years from date of the contract, and was further to pay those notes promptly as they matured. VOL. II.-76 Bowen v. Bailey. Upon the payment of these notes Mrs. Bailey and her first husband, Richard Griffith, were then to make him a title to the land a full warranty deed in fee-simple. Under this contract appellant was put in possession of the land, and continues now to occupy and enjoy the same. Appellant has failed and neglected to comply with his part of the contract, and said notes, or a large portion thereof, are still due and unpaid. Mrs. Bailey avers that she has at all times been ready and willing to execute a deed to the land, as stipulated for in the contract, whenever appellant complied with his precedent obligation. Appellees tender with the bill a deed to the land, and pray that the money due on the notes be decreed to be paid, and in default of payment that the land be sold for the payment of the notes. The bond for sale and conveyance of the land, with the four notes of appellant, are made exhibits, and filed with the bill. There was a demurrer to the bill. The grounds alleged are: 1. That there is no equity on the face of the bill. 2. The bill does not aver or show that a deed was tendered by complainants (appellees) prior to the filing of their bill, etc. The demurrer was overruled, on the ground that the conditions of the contract were mutual and independent. Leave given to answer. At the November term, 1867, a pro confesso was taken, and a final decree rendered, on proof, and commissioner's report for $12,772.10, ordering sale of the land to pay this sum. From this decree the court granted an appeal to this court. The error relied upon is, that the court erred in overruling the demurrer to the bill. Newgent & Yerger, for appellant. Johnston & Johnston, for defendant. SHACKELFORD, C. J. The only question involved in this assignment of error is, whether the covenants in the contract set out in the bill of appellees are mutual and independent, or dependent. Counsel for appellant admit in their argument that "the notes, considered by themselves, constituted a separate independent contract, and that they could have been sued upon as they fell due;" but says, "when a bill for a specific performance of an agreement is brought, the case is entirely different." If the covenants of the contract were mutual and independent, as counsel clearly admits, how are they changed when a bill for Bowen v. Bailey. specific performance of the contract is filed? Counsel answer, that, inasmuch as all the notes had matured before the institution of this suit, thereby the notes were merged into one debt, and the case falls within the rule laid down by this court in the case of Eckford et al. v. Halbert et al., 30 Miss., and that the appellees should have placed appellant "in default anterior to the filing of their bill." In the case of Eckford et al. v. Halbert et al., there was but one note executed by the vendee, and the vendor obligated himself to make title when the purchase-money should be paid; the court holding in that case, "that the covenants to make title, and to pay the money, are concurrent," and that a tender of a deed to place the vendee at fault before suit was necessary. We must dissent from the view taken by counsel of the effect of the non-payment of the notes, when they became respectively due, upon the covenants in the contract; if they are mutual and independent by the terms of the contract in question, we are unable to perceive by what process they can be altered by the default of the appellant in not paying them as they fell due. In support of this position of counsel, that the debt being all due before the institution of the suit upon the contract, etc., the four notes were merged into one debt, and the covenants thereby became mutual and dependent, we are cited to the case of The Bank of Columbia v. Hayner, 1 Peters' S. C. 455. We have examined this case with care; it seems to favor this assumption of counsel. But, upon a critical examination of the facts of the case, we find that there was a question of great doubt whether there was a contract at all upon which a suit could be founded. The court saw proper to consider there was a contract, and decided the case upon that assumption. There was a sale by the bank to Hayner of the lots, and the purchase-money was to be paid in six quarterly installments, for which he would give his notes to the bank if the bank would give him a deed; and if the bank preferred it, he proposed to pay in installments, and take a bond for title when all the payments were made. No part of the purchasemoney was paid. There was no bond for title, or notes executed. The suit was at law upon the contract, as understood between the parties. The court held that in contracts for the sale of lands the covenants should be considered mutual and dependent, as courts favored that construction, unless the contrary appeared from the contract; and they considered the contract before them showed the intention Bowen v. Bailey. of the contracting parties that the covenants should be mutual and dependent. The court holding that the bank was bound to perform their correlative part of the proposition, by either making a title and tendering it to Hayner on the day when the last payment was considered due and payable, or by giving the bond for title, in accordance with his demand and the promise of the bank. It must have been on these grounds that the court held that the covenants were mutual and dependent, although Hayner had agreed to pay the bank by installments. If this were not so, this decision is irreconcilable with the authorities cited in the case. In the case under consideration the parties to the contract have shown their intention clearly. Bowen gave his four notes, payable in one, two, three and four years, for the sum of $3,505 each, and received the bond for title of appellee and her husband, Richard Griffith, when the purchase-money should be paid. Bowen clearly manifested his intention to pay three-fourths of these notes to the vendors of the land, without requiring from them the performance of any condition precedent. Appellant, as shown by the record, has paid part of the purchase-money to the vendors, thus furnishing indisputable evidence of his intention to pay his money without asking for or getting a title. If this was not his first intention, he has failed to prove by his subsequent acts that it was not. There can be no question regarding the character of the covenants in the contract under consideration; they are mutual and independent. The facts of the case are similar to those in the case of Clopton v. Bolton, 23 Miss. In that case an action at law was instituted upon the writings obligatory, payable in twelve and twenty-four months after date, given for the purchase-money of a tract of land. The defendant pleaded that fact, and that the plaintiff, at the date of the contract, executed and delivered to the defendant a bond to make title to the land when the purchasemoney should be paid; and that the plaintiff did not, before the bringing of the suit, tender a deed to the defendant for the land. The court expressly re-affirms the cases of Gibson v. Newman, 1 How. 341; and Coleman v. Rowe, 5 id. 460; and holds that, "as on the one part there were instruments for the payment of the purchase-money at several different periods, and on the other an obligation to make a title on full payment of the purchase-money, it is clear, beyond doubt, that the covenants were intended to be inde Bowen v. Bailey. pendent, and that the failure to tender the deed constituted no bar to the action." The precise question involved in the case before us was again before the court in the case of McMath v. Johnson, 41 Miss. 439. In that case there were seven notes executed and delivered by the vendee to the vendor of the land and slaves, payable in seven annual installments; and on the date of the notes and sale the vendor executed a bond and delivered the same to the vendee, conditioned that he would make a warranty title in fee-simple to the property purchased so soon as the vendee should pay the notes or bonds as they fell due. All the notes were paid, except three, and a balance on one; leaving a balance of $5,650 on the three notes past due and unpaid. The defendant pleaded that the vendor did not nor had not made a good warranty title to defendant before the institution of the suit. The court, after reviewing the previous decisions of this court on this question, again draws the distinction between dependent and independent covenants, holding, that, where the covenants are dependent, the party seeking to enforce performance by the other must first perform, or tender and offer to perform, his own part of the agreement, and demand a performance by the other party, before he can bring an action of law or suit in equity against him. It is only sufficient in all such cases for the defendant to show that the covenant sued on was dependent upon another covenant, to be performed by the plaintiff, and this will throw upon the plaintiff the burden of proving that he performed, or offered to perform, his own covenant before the commencement of the suit or action; for, without such proof, the defendant was in no default, and no cause of action had accrued. And if the covenants are independent, then each party relies on the covenants of the other party; no tender or offer of performance is required of either before resorting to an action, and neither can defeat the action of the other by showing a previous tender or offer of performance on his part, and demand of performance by the party suing. This constitutes the main if not the only distinction between dependent and independent covenants, and is fully recognized in the decisions in the cases of Coleman v. Rowe, 5 How. 460; Gibson v. Newman, 1 id. 341; Clopton v. Bolton, 23 Miss. 78; which are re-affirmed by the decision in McMath v. Johnson, the court hold |