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The meat and drink, after being digested in the stomach, are changed into chyle and fæces. These turn into ordure and urine, that is, for the nutrition of the body, by increasing the blood. The blood preserving the moisture or humidity of the body, keeps up life, and increases the flesh. The flesh covering and cleansing the body, both within and without, produces the fat. This makes the whole body unctuous, and causes the increase of the bone. This supports the body and increases the marrow. This improves the essential sap of the body, and produces the semen virile. This conduces to the well-being of the

whole body, and to the production of a new one.

The service, rendered by the fæces, is: the ordure serves for the support of the bowels, guts, &c. By urine, morbid humours are carried off; and it serves also for a support of the thinner fæces, and carries off the putrid thick sedi

ments.

The office of sweat is to soften the skin, and to change the obstructed pores of the hair of the body.

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Fire-warmth is the common gentle warmth, or heat, of the whole body. The warmth of the stomach is the principal cause of the digestion of meat and drink of every kind. If this warmth is in good state, the digestion of meat and drink is easy; no diseases then arise, the lustre of the face, the chyle, the supports of the body and life, then increase. Therefore, the warmth of the stomach must be kept up, (or if lost, must be restored,) with every endeavour.

The manner in which meat and drink are changed. Whatever is eaten or drunk, is carried into the belly or stomach, by the vital air or wind; afterwards, by the aid of phlegm, it comes into fermentation of a sweet taste, and increases the quantity of phlegm. Afterwards, being digested by the aid of bile, taking a hot and sour taste, it produces bile. Afterwards, by the aid of the air or wind that conveys an equal heat to the whole body, the dregs or fæces being separated, and taking a bitter taste, it generates thin wind. The fæces being changed into thick (or solid) and thin (or fluid) parts, become ordure and urine.

The chyle, after having passed by nine veins from the stomach into the liver, it becomes or changes into blood; afterwards, successively, it is transformed into flesh, and the seven supports of the body.

2ndly. The hurtful things or bad humours. These are three: wind, bile, and phlegm, each with a five-fold division.

1. Of Wind. The life-keeping wind or air resides in the upper part of the head; that which operates upwards, has its place in the breast; that which pervades or encompasses all, resides in the heart; that which communicates or conveys an equal heat to the body, has its seat in the stomach; that which cleanses downwards, abides in the lower part of the trunk.

2. Of Bile. The digesting bile resides in the stomach, between the digested and indigested part; that which forms the chyle, resides in the liver; that which prepares or increases, in the heart; that which assists the sight (or causes to see), in the eye; that which gives a clear colour, resides in the skin.

3. Of Phlegm. The supporting phlegm resides in the breast; the masticatory, in the indigested part; the tasting, on the tongue; the refreshing (or that makes contented), in the head; the conjunctive or uniting, resides in every juncture (or joint).

The characteristic signs of the above-specified humours-that of wind; roughness, lightness, cold, smallness, hardness, and mobility.

That of bile; unctuousness, sharpness, lightness, foulness, depuratory moisture.

That of phlegm : unctuousness, coolness, heaviness, and dulness, softness, or gentleness, steadiness, adhesion, passionateness.

6th Chapter.-On the works or action of the body. These are the body, the speech, and the mind. Virtue, vice, and undetermined cases. The five organs occupy their own place. The body is divided into basis (ground or support), age, nature (or constitution), division of diseases. The basis has a triple division. Age also has the same number; that of nature or native disposition, has seven. With respect to disease, the distinctions are: indisposition and absence of morbid state.

7th Chapter.-On the tokens of destruction (or approaching death) of the body: 1. Tokens of a far distant death. 2. Ditto of a near one. 3. Uncertain, and 4, Certain tokens of death. Distant tokens are: any envoy (of death), dream, and change (by age), &c.; the near tokens are distinguished into near and very near. Uncertain tokens; as, when after recovering from a sickness, one may live yet many years. Certain tokens, as, when the disease is incurable.

A physician should be well acquainted with the tokens of death; that he may know whether the patient be curable or incurable, and to perform his medical service accordingly.

8th Chapter.-On the increasing and decreasing state of sickness. Here is treated of the causes and accessory causes of the disease; the manner of its origin; the diseased part; the character and distinctions of the importance of each.

First. The causes are proximate, and remote.

9th Chapter. There are three accessory causes that depend on the primary cause the originating and spreading, the gathering together and arising; and the taking away of the disease.

10th Chapter.-On the manner in which any disease takes place in the body.

11th Chapter.-On the character of diseases; as, an increasing, diminishing, and a perplexed, disease. The causes of which are to be sought in the too great or too small quantity of the three humours, of the seven supports of the body, and of the fæces.

12th Chapter.-Division of diseases; with respect to the cause, the individual, and the kind of disease. With respect to the cause: this is attributed to the vicious three humours of this life; to the consequence of immoral actions in former generations or lives, and to a mixture of both. With respect to the individuals: they are, man, woman, child, old persons; and men of every description. The several diseases peculiar to each are enumerated. The number of the kinds of the common diseases is stated to be 404, which are divided or distinguished out of several respects. As with respect to the vicious humours, principal humour, place or injured part, and the kind of disease, 42 belong to wind, 26 to bile, 33 to phlegm. Thus with respect to the humours, 101 divisions are made, and so on; with respect to the other points also, many distinctions or classifications are enumerated, each amounting to 101.

13th Chapter.-With respect to the conduct. taken, (to be free from disease :) 1. continually,

What course of life is to be 2, at certain periods, and 3,

occasionally, or as circumstances may require. The two first are treated in the

next two chapters: 1, continually to be done are: worldly affairs and religious exercises or occupations; first, the leaving off every immoral action committed by the body, speech, and the mind; and the doing of such things as are agreeable to these, in every circumstance of life: as in eating, walking, sitting, mounting a horse, sleeping, &c.

2, Religious occupations are the exercise of moral virtues, and the desisting from the ten immoral actions.

14th Chapter.-On the periodical conduct of life, according to the different seasons, (as the first and last part of winter, the spring, the hot season, summer, and autumn ;) with respect to diet, exercise, medicine, and chirurgical operations. 15th Chapter.-On the circumstantial conduct of life, with respect to several cases, teaching that, one should not obstruct hunger and thirst (or abstain from meat and drink); not hinder yawning or gaping, sneezing, breathing, coughing, (or ejecting phlegm,) spitting, sleeping, nor any of the natural discharges, since the obstruction or hindrance of them may give rise to any disease, of which several cases or examples are enumerated.

16th Chapter.-The manner of using meat and drink: 1. The several kinds of food, and the manner of using them. 2. Several kinds of food that do not agree, and therefore may not be used together. 3. Temperature to be observed. For food are used, grain (or corn), flesh, butter, vegetables or greens, and dressed victuals. There are two kinds of grain: 1, growing in ears, and 2, in pods (as pulse). Flesh or animal food of eight kinds or sorts. Several kinds of unctuous or oily substances; as, butter, oil expressed from grains, kernels, fruits, berries, and trees or shrubs; grease, fat, marrow, &c. To vegetable or green things belong potherbs, &c. To dressed victuals or meals belong boiled rice, soup, &c. Drinkable things are milk, water, wine, &c.

17th Chapter.-Enumeration of several kinds of food that it were dangerous to take together; as, fish and milk, &c.

18th Chapter. On the proper measure of food to be taken, or on temperance in meat and drink.

19th Chapter.-On pharmacy, or the preparing of medicaments for healing any disease. Taste of medicament, efficacy, digestive quality, mode of com

posing, &c. appropriate to any specified disease.

20th Chapter.-On materia medica, the efficacy of every simple medicament. The materials for medicaments are: precious and natural stones, earths, woods, vegetables, and those obtained from animals. In the text, and in another quoted work, 915 articles are enumerated, and stated of each to what disease it may be applied especially, as a remedy.

21st Chapter.—Specification of the classes of medicaments; their preparation and application to specified diseases.

22nd Chapter. On the five sorts of (chirurgical) instruments, employed in trying or sounding any disease, in cutting, &c.

23rd Chapter.—That one may remain in health and ease, rules are prescribed to be observed.

24th Chapter.-Discrimination of the humours as the cause of any inward or outward disease.

25th Chapter.-When the former are insufficient, it is taught, to seek it in the vicious inclination of the mind.

26th Chapter. To exhibit medical help, when the disease may be healed; and to give it up, when it cannot be cured,

27th Chapter.-On the manner of curing diseases. How? by whom? with what? The measure or length of time of curing.

28th Chapter.-Detailed description of the curing of diseases. 29th Chapter.-Common and peculiar mode of curing diseases.

30th Chapter.-How to cure wind, bile, phlegm, is separately exposed or taught. 31st Chapter.-The requisite qualities in a physician, that he should be well acquainted with the theory and practice of medicine; and be an impartial, upright, good-hearted man.

THIRD PART.

Containing a full explanation of Diseases.

Chapter 1. Exhortation to the teacher (SHA'KYA) to deliver a treatise (5)

or oral instruction on the manner of curing diseases.

2. The curing of diseases arising from wind (or windy bumours). There are five distinctions: 1, causes; 2, accessory cause and effect; 3, division; 4, symptoms; 5, manner of curing (diseases arising from wind).

3. In the curing of diseases arising from (or caused by) bile, there are the following distinctions: 1, cause; 2, accessory cause and effect; 3, division; 4, symptoms; 5, manner of curing; 6, and stopping or hindering its progress.

4. In the curing of diseases caused by phlegm (or phlegmatical humours), are considered: cause, accessory cause and effect, division, symptoms, and manner of curing.

5. In the curing of diseases caused by the gathering together of the three humours (wind, bile, phlegm,) and of blood, there are the following distinctions or considerations: cause, incident or accessory cause and effect, place, time, kind or genus, symptoms, manner or mode of curing, and the stopping of it for the future.

6. In the curing of indigestion, the root (or primary cause) of inward diseases, there are the following distinctions or sections : cause, incident or accessory cause and effect, manner of its arising, division, symptoms, remedy or mode of curing.

7. In the curing of a swelling (or a hard conglomeration or excrescence), there is treated of cause, incident, division, place, manner of arising, symptom, mode of curing it.

8. The curing of white swellings, a kind of dropsy. Here are considered: cause, incident, division, symptom, mode of curing.

9. In the curing of another kind of dropsy (2135) there are the same dis

tinctions as before.

10. The curing of dropsy is taught, by exposing the cause and incident, division, manner of arising, symptom, mode of curing, stopping or cessation. 11. In the curing of phthisis or consumption of the lungs,

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, there are the following distinctions: cause, and accessory cause or effect, division, symptom, mode of curing. And thus there are six chapters on curing inward diseases.

12. In curing feverish diseases (where heat prevails) in general, there are the

following distinctions: cause and incident, nature, name, symptom, mode of curing.

13, 14. Farther explanations on the causes of the heat and cold, in fever.

15. In the curing of a fever, in its beginning, or where heat has not yet taken the upper hand, there are enumerated the following distinctions: cause and incident, nature, name, division, symptom, mode of curing.

16. In an increased or burning fever, the same distinctions are as before, except a trifling division.

17 to 20. On curing several kinds of fever, such as are: the sly, hidden, inveterate, and the mixed ones.

21. The curing of inflammation of any hurt or wounded part of the body, with several distinctions; and that of inward and outward hurt: the inwards are, the viscera and the vessels; the outward parts are, the flesh, bone, marrow, tendon,

and fibre.

22. The curing of heat or fever (arising from the contest between wind, bile, and phlegm), in which the mental faculties are troubled, with several distinctions to be considered; and so there are 11 chapters on curing fever (heat and inflammation).

23. On curing epidemic maladies or infectious diseases, with several distinctions and divisions; as, ' a kind of pestilence of Nepál.

24. On curing the small-pox: cause and effect, definition of small-pox, distinction, symptom, mode of curing; distinction into white and black variolæ, each having three species.

25. The curing of infectious diseases affecting the bowels (colic), with several distinctions; purging the viscera and the lower vessels, affecting with greater or less vehemence; and so there are eight kinds of diseases affecting the bowels.

26. The curing of swellings in the throat (or of ulcers and inflammations), and infective diseases, as the cholera, '4'55'': the first has 4, the second 11, subdivisions, or minor distinctions.

27. With respect to catarrh, are considered: cause and incident, kind, symptom, mode of curing. And so are five chapters on infectious diseases, Î~~'5, to which belongs the cholera morbus also, 'ÊK ́ö | A'öI.

28. In curing the upper part of the body, the head occupies the first place. Here are considered: cause, circumstantial accident, distinction, symptom, mode of curing. There are eight distinctions, as wind, &c.

29. In curing the diseases of the eyes, are considered: cause, incident, division, symptom, mode of curing, with 33 distinctions of opthalmic diseases. 30. Diseases of the ear; cause and incident, or accessory cause and effect, division or distinction, symptom, mode of curing. Distinction into disease of the ear, and deafness; that has six, this four, kinds. 31. Diseases of the nose: cause and incident, division, symptom, mode of curing; there are five divisions or distinctions.

32. In the curing of the diseases of the mouth, there are to be considered : cause and incidents, division, symptom, mode of curing. There is a six-fold division; as, the lip, the gum, &c. There are several distinctions of diseases, as six of the teeth; five of the tongue; six of the palate, and seven of the throat.

33. In curing the diseases of goitre or swelling in the fore-part of the neck, are considered: cause and incident (or accessory causes), distinction, symptom, cure

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