such as 2, 4, 7, 2, 4, H, u, S, 4, &c. : but for want of a perfect alphabet, or of a Roman version of the inscription, no comparison can yet be made. The learned LICHTENSTEIN, in his dissertation on the arrowheaded character, has furnished a plate of all the varieties of Pehleví and Zend, as known in his time, from the travels of NIEBUHR, &c. By way of exhibiting the analogy which exists between these and our new character, I have carefully set them in comparison, in Plate XIX., taking LICHTENSTEIN's imperfect alphabet of what he designates the Arabico-Persic Zend, as the only available one of this type. The Pehlevi inscription alphabet I have taken from KER PORTER'S facsimiles; and the Pehleví of coins from plates of coins in MARSDEN, KER PORter, HYDE, &c., and from actual coins: but in most of the latter that I have seen, the letters are so very indistinctly formed, that it is quite impossible to read them; and, indeed, most of the attempts hitherto made have failed to pass the common titles :-the names are very obscure. A reflection here forces itself, that if the coins of the Sassanian court were so illegible, we need not be surprised at equal or greater difficulties attending those of the Bactrian princes.

In the 6th column I have inserted, at random, such of the letters on the cylinders, as approach in appearance to the coin types. No reliance however must be placed on this allocation, until a reading has been effected of some portion. It is only intended to shew, that the characters of the cylinders and coins are identical in their nature.

In the last column I have added the Zend alphabet, as restored with so much ability by M. BURnouf. It has a few points of accordance with the Pehleví; but the genius of it follows rather the Sanscrit type; and the constant expression of the vowels, long and short, distinguishes it essentially from the alphabets of Semitic origin.

Having thus completed our survey of the characters found on the Bactrian coins, and on the curious inscriptions extracted from the topes, (in which latter however we must expect to find such deviations from kaligraphy as a written text naturally exhibits,) let us now apply our uncertain knowledge, with circumspection, to the various names and titles on the coins themselves, and see how they may be read in Roman characters.

Plate XX. contains them all arranged-first, according to the full inscriptions; secondly, the names and titles separated. From what has been said above, I would venture thus to express the names of the Greek sovereigns in Roman letters.

It must be confessed, that many of these are highly unsatisfactory, especially the last three. The name of KADPHISES is omitted, as being still more indistinct.

Turning now to the titles and epithets, it does not seem difficult to recognize the same appellation, for "king," and "king of kings," as is read on the sculptured inscriptions at Nakshi-Rustam, and on the Sassanian coins, PU malako, and PlUPYTIɩ malakao-malako (for malakán-malaká). When another epithet is introduced, such as "the great king of kings," it is found interposed between the words malakao and malako, as PTZ PETTIT PYTIC. The same form of expression

rer matimus rer מלכארברבא מלכא דאתור exists in the Hebrew

Assyria. Every one will remark the close resemblance of this expression with our text; as well as of N, the Pehleví title of the Persian sculptures, with P720P0 ; the terminations only being different, as might be expected in a different dialect. But, if the language of our coins be Zend, the word melek, for king, should not be expected in it : especially when we afterwards find it replaced by rao and rao nano rao, on the KANERKOS coins. It was this circumstance that led me to imagine the reading might be maharáo; but the combination maharáomaharó is inadmissible, and overthrows the conjecture.

Pass we now on to the next title of most common occurrence, P117, or 17, THPOX, the Saviour. By our system this must be rendered either rakako, radako, or radado. Now the first of these three forms is precisely what might be expected to be the Zend reading of the Sanscrit word a, raksaka, Saviour, and that alone is a strong argument in favor of its adoption as the true reading of the term.

The title META^OT BAXI^ENE, first, we are told, assumed by EUCRATIDES, belongs to so many of his successors, that we have no difficulty in finding the exact version of the term in the Pehleví. There are, however, decidedly two readings of it; one P7797, the other PYTT, with the omission of the duplicated letter in the centre. The obvious rendering of these two expressions would be kák-káo and kákáo. But I find in M. BURNOUF's Commentaire, that the Zend word for great," is maz, from the Sanscrit mahá, to which our term has no

resemblance whatever. It has most similarity to the Tartar appellation khákán, common to monarchs of Bactria in later days; and it may not be unreasonable to assume this reading, until one more plausible is discovered. At first I was inclined to read it ra-rao, in conjunction with the preceding word maharáo, on the strength of the expression before alluded to, of rao nano rao, on the Kanerkos coins; but in no example have I found the first letter replaced by . The collocation of the letters is, again, exactly similar to those of the Hebrew a rabreba, maxiinus; but for this reading we must suppose to be a b, which is contradicted by all other examples. For ANIKHTOT, the unconquered, we find the terms 24h ápatilo, and P24 apatilako; and for NIKH OPOr, the conquest-bearing, PIA), ájalako or ájalado; of neither of these can I attempt a solution, and the examples being few, we can not be very certain of their correctness.

The inscription cut on the silver disc found in the casket of the Manikyála Tope, (Vol. iii. Pl. XXII. fig. 26,) may be read Phʼn Pruy famaro kanadako; the second word without any very great straining might be conceived to be the native mode of writing Kanerko; and if this interpretation be allowed, we may indeed look upon this tope as the monument of that monarch.

The writing on the brass cylinder itself (fig. 20 b of the same plate), which was from my ignorance inverted in the engraving, seems to consist of the following Bactro-Pehleví characters P3,77 PES, which in Roman letters would be kad malapo, far· kamana papako, the purport of which I must leave uninterpreted : nor will I endeavour to forestal the ingenuity of others, by any crude attempt to convert into Roman letters the longer inscriptions given by Mr. MASSON, from the Jelálabád cylinder, (Vol. iii. Pl. XXII.), and by M. COURT, from the stone slab of another Manikyála tope (Vol. iii. Pl. XXXIII.). I have already remarked, that this latter inscription contains, very legibly, in the second line, the word Pyrlu malakάo, identical with the royal designation so common upon the coins.

It is now indeed time to turn our attention to the coins themselves, whence our data for the construction of the Bactro-Pehleví alphabet have been derived. Of these I need do little more than furnish a few notes of reference to the accompanying six plates, in which I have brought down the series of selected specimens from Euthydemus to Kadaphes Choranos, a name so nearly allied to Kadphises, that the latter may be looked upon as its patronymic; while the title that follows it (Choranos) coincides so closely with what has been already described as existing on the rao nano rao group (vol. iii. p. 448), that it would seem to form the link of connection between them and the coins which bear Pehleví legends on the reverse.

Coins with Greek inscriptions only.

With EUTHYDEMUS of Magnesia, who conquered THEODOTUS II, B. C. 220, commences our present series of his coinage I now possess a medal in silver, procured by MоHAN LAL, for Dr. GERARD, near Kábul. It is superior in execution to the fine coin taken home by Lieut. BURNES The exterior surface is of a dark-grey, like that of chloride of silver. Pl. XXV. fig. 1.-EUTHYDEMUs, silver tetradrachma, weight 240 grs. Obverse. Head of the king in high relief.

Reverse. HERCULES with his club, seated on clouds; inscription BAXIAENN ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ.

Fig. 2.-A hemidrachma of DEMETRIUS, silver, in the Ventura collection; a very beautiful coin, similar to one depicted in Sestini. Obverse. Head of the king, with helmet shaped like an elephant's skin and tusks. Reverse. HERCULES standing, inscription BAZIAEQE AHMHTPIOT. AGATHOCLES.

Fig. 3.-A silver coin of AGATHOCLES, in the Ventura collection. Obverse. A well-executed head, with the royal fillet: short curly hair. Reverse. Jupiter standing, holding a small female figure, having apparently a fambeau in either hand: on the sides ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ, with a peculiar monogram.

The general appearance of the head, and of the figure on the reverse, resemble the unique coin of HELIOCLES which Mr. WILSON has sketched for me from VISCONTI's work. Should there have been any indistinctness in the first two letters of the name on that coin, we may find reason to erase HELIOCLES from the Bactrian monarchy, and to substitute AGATHOCLES, of whom Mr. MASSON has already made known to us ten very peculiar copper coins, (Jour. III. Pl. ix. fig. 17.) The inscription in Pehleví (?) on the reverse of those coins proves that they belong to a Bactrian prince, and are not to be ascribed to ALEXANDER's general of the same name, who is no where asserted to have assumed the regal power. The name is common enough. It was in revenge for a grievous insult offered to his family by one AGATHOCLES, prefect of the provinces beyond the Euphrates, under ANTIOCHUS THEOS, (B. C. 250,) that the Scythian ARSACES was roused to establish independent dominion in Parthia. The same party may have followed the example of assuming the title of king in some province of Bactria. That the coin does not belong to AGATHOCLES of Syracuse I can now assert with confidence, having before me the most beautiful plates of the coins of that sovereign, (whose name is always written in the Doric genitive Agathocleos, or Agathocleios,) in the 'Tresor de Numismatique', now under publication at Paris*.

* I discover in the same plate that the Greek coin (obverse, Minerva, and reverse Pegasus), described by me in the second vol. of this Journal (Pl. I. fig. 2) belongs

UU

MAYUS.

Fig. 4. One of two copper coins of MAYUS, or NAYUS? in the Ventura collection.

Obverse. Head of an elephant, with proboscis elevated; a bell hanging round the neck.

Reverse. The Caduceus of Mercury, on the sides of which the words BAZIAEO MATOT, and a monogram composed of the letters M and I.

This is an entirely new name, nor can it be read as a Greek word in its present shape, although the characters are perfectly distinct on the coin, and the style of engraving corresponds with the early and pure Greek types. There is no Pehleví inscription. Could the third letter be read as a gamma, the name MAгOr might denote the union of the office of chief priest of the Magi with that of king, and the elephant's head found on the coins of MENANDER and of DEMETRIUS, might enable us to appropriate the present medal to one or the other of these princes.

EUCRATIDES.

Figs. 5 to 10.-Coins of EUCRATIDES the Great.

Fig. 5.-A silver tetradrachma, badly executed. Ventura.

Obverse. Head of the king, helmeted.

Reverse. Two Bactrian horsemen, (or Castor and Pollux,) with wings on their shoulders, and lances; the two first letters of the legend corrupt, PV≥IAENE ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΔΟΥ; monogram M.

Fig. 6.-A beautiful didrachma, of the same prince.

Ventura.

Obverse. A neat head, without helmet; hair bound with fillet.
Reverse. Two horsemen ; inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ.

Fig. 7.-A very well preserved copper coin of the same prince, presented to me by Captain C. M. WADE.

Figs. 8, 9, and 10.-Three copper square coins of the same prince, upon the reverse of which is seen, for the first time, the introduction of a Pehlevi legend. Several of the same coins are depicted in Mr. MASSON's paper; they all agree in having the inscription on three sides only of the square; the Pehlevi letters are as follows: PATHY PYTYT PYTL The plates will shew the variation to which the letters of the name are liable; in Roman characters they may be rendered malakao kákáo eukratido.

The history of EUCRATIDES is too well known to require repetition heret. BAYER fixes his ascent to the Bactrian throne in the year

to HIERON II. of Syracuse, 270—216 A. C. The coins in this new and splendid monument of art are all engraved by the medal-ruler invented by BATE, from originals in the museum of Paris, and other great collections.

+ See Journ. Vol. II. 409, and Maurice's Modern Hindostan, I. 98.