181 B. C. He was a cotemporary of MITHRIDATES I. of Parthia, who assisted him in repelling DEMETRIUS, king of India, as he is termed, beyond the Indian frontier, and finally driving him from his throne at the advanced age of 78 years. On the division of the conquered empire, MITHRIDATES had the provinces between the Hydaspes and Indus assigned to him; and EUCRATIDES, all the remainder, east and south, of his Indian possessions :-' all India' is the term used, but it is uncertain to what limit southward this expression should apply.

It has not yet been remarked by those who are curious in reconciling the names of Indian legend and Grecian history, that the names EUCRATIDES and VICRAMADITYA bear a close resemblance both in sound and in signification: while the epoch and the scene of their martial exploits are nearly identical. The Hindu accounts of VICRAMADITYA are not to be found in the regular Puránic histories, but only in separate legends, such as the Vicrama Cheritra and others, mentioned by WILFORD, (As. Res. IX. 117,) all teeming with confusion, contradictions, and absurdities in an extraordinary degree. The genealogical tables of the solar and lunar lines contain no such name, neither does it occur among the few notices of embassies to and from India to Syria and Rome, in the authors of the west. EUCRATIDES' empire was so extended and matured that he assumed the title of βασιλευς μεγαλος : thus the peaceful coin, fig. 6, was doubtless struck before his expeditions; those with the armed head, and the addition of "the great," after his return: and it is remarkable that the latter only have a Pehleví legend on the reverse, being intended for circulation perhaps in his more southern provinces, or imitating in this respect the coins of MENANDER, whose reign in India had been so glorious. If the date assigned by BAYER (146 B. C.) to Eucratides' death, be thought too far removed from the commencement of the Samvat era of VICRAMA'DITYA (56 B. C.), it may be argued, that as EUCRATIDES is acknowledged to be the last but one of the regular Bactrian kings, all the new names recently discovered—AGATHOCLES, MAYUS, PHILOXENUS, ANTIM ACHUS, &c. must find their places before him in the list, which may easily bring down his date even a century.

The analogy between the Bactrian and the Indian heroes is, it must be confessed, of very slender texture, just enough to be hazarded as a web of speculation, which more skilful antiquarians may indulge their ingenuity in spinning out, or brushing aside as visionary.

The embassy of "PORUS" to AUGUSTUS must have been immediately after VICRAMAʼDITYA.—It is stated that his letters were written in the Greek character. The Scythians were then pressing the country.

KODUS.

Figs. 11, 12, 13.-Three small silver coins, inserted in this plate, because their inscriptions are entirely Greek, though they have no other pretension to be counted with Bactrian coins. The appearance of the head-dress in the third is rather Arsacidan, but the names and titles are altogether novel and curious. I have selected the three most legible from among several coins in my possession. The first two are of MOHAN LA'L's, the third of KERAMAT ALI's, collection. The name of KNAO is altogether unknown.

The heads on the obverse of all these coins seem to belong to different persons; the standing warrior on the reverse is alike in all, and the inscriptions on the two first KWAOT MAKAP ΡΔΗΘΡΟΥ. On the third coin, the titles differ, and are illegible, but the name KWA.... is the same.

Plate XXVI. MENANDER.

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Although MENANDER is well known to have preceded EUCRATIDES in date, I have preferred separating his coins from the genuine Bactrian group, and classifying them with those of APOLLODOTUS, ANTILAKIDES, &c., as a distinct series, on account of the essential difference in their style of execution. Their native legends, also, seem to denote a different locality. MENANDER, before he came to the throne of Bactria proper, had, it is supposed, formed an independent dominion in the more southern provinces on the Indus. This may be the reason of the deviation from the Syrian type of coin, so remarkably preserved by the earlier sovereigns of Bactria.

Figures 1, 2, 3, one silver and two copper coins of MENANDer. Fig. 1.-A silver hemidrachma, weighing 37 grains, (one from KERAMAT ALI ; a duplicate from Dr. GERARD,) differing from those depicted in MASSON's plates, and from Dr. SWINEY'S coin described in the Journal, vol. II. p. 406.

Obverse. Head facing the left, on the margin ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝ. APOT: a kind of sceptre, or crook, lying on the shoulder.

Reverse. Minerva with Jupiter's thunderbolt, facing the right; Pehleví legend PEEN PRET PYTC, malakáo rakako minano, and monogram page 164.)

(see vol. III,

Fig. 2.-Has already been drawn and described by Mr. MASSON. Vol. II. (ç.) Fig.3.-Differs from MASSON's fig. 1,in the figure of Victory on the reverse.(K.A.) APOLLODOTUS.

Figures 4, 5. Two silver coins of APOLLODOTUs, both in the Ventu. ra cabinet; of the first the number is considerable, the latter is new, and of very beautiful execution.

Fig. 4. Has already been described from Dr. SWINEY'S coin in JOURNAL, vol. ii. page 406. The legend on the obverse is here quite distinct BAXIAEN. ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΙΛΟΠΑΤΟΡΟΣ ΑΠΟΛΛΟΔΟΤΟΥ. The Pehleví inscription on the reverse, however, has no addition for the words kai piλoñaтopos, being simply papa PIT PYTLU,

Fig. 5.-Has on the obverse, the Indian elephant, with a monogram, and the usual title; and on the reverse, a Brahmany bull, with the same Pehleví legend. Fig. 6.-Is a copper coin in Dr. SWINEY'S collection, the precise fellow to that described by Major ToD, in the Royal Asiatic Society's Transactions.

Figs. 7, 8.-Are two from among several square copper coins brought down by MOHAN LA'L. They are nearly the same as the coin in Lieut. BURNES' collection, (J. A. S. vol. ii. pl. xi. fig. 7,) which, I then supposed to be a MENANDER, but which I am now able to recognize by its Pehleví legend. The examples on these coins, are decisive of the orthography of P (Soteros.)

ANTILAKIDES.

Figures 9, 10, 11, are three selected quadrangular coins of ANTILAKIDES, from six in the Ventura collection. The name was first made known by MASSON, who supposes from the beards, (which are not however so clear on the specimens before us,) that this prince and the next Ario belong to a separate dynasty. He detects the conical emblem of the reverse on one coin of EUCRATIDES. I have not however found any of the sort. One description will serve for all.

Obverse. Head of the sovereign, with the legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΛΑΚΙΔΟΥ.

Reverse. Two plumes waving over two conical caps or bee-hives? Monogram below T, and Pehlevi inscription PHI PIVA? PA, or malakao ajalado atilikado, or átikalikado?

LYSIUS.

Fig. 12.-A copper quadrangular coin of LYSIUS, similar to two in Masson's series of AUSIUS :-the first letter is clearly an 7, in Greek, and this reading is confirmed by the Pehleví H. The monograms are the same as in the last coin.

Obverse. Head of the king with the legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΙΚΗΤΟΥ ΛΥΣΙΟΥ. Reverse. An elephant with a monogram A, and the Pehleví inscription PATH.. Pyu malakáo lisato.

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Plate XXI.

I have designed in this plate from the Ventura collection several very interesting coins, of new names and features, for which no locality can as yet be assigned. As almost all of them bear Pehleví inscriptions, they are evidently Bactrian; but to admit them in the regular series of that dynasty, would greatly extend the catalogue of its princes. They rather bear out the fact of there having been several petty independent dynasties, like that at Nysa, for which Mr. MASSON endeavours to set apart some of the coins to be presently mentioned. PHILOXENUS.

Fig. 1.-A fine silver coin of PHILOXENUS in the Ventura collection. This name was borne by one of ALEXANDER'S generals, to whom Cilicia, west of the Euphrates, was assigned in the division of his conquests. The coin, therefore, cannot belong to him, though his title of unconquered' would argue his power and warlike propensity.

Obverse. Head of the prince, in a helmet similar to that of EUCRATIDES, legend, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΙΚΗΤΟΥ ΦΙΛΟΞΕΝΟΥ.

Reverse. The prince on horseback; monogram formed of two A's legend in Pehleví PEN PLAN PU.

Fig. 2.-A square copper coin of the same prince, nearly allied to those of the last plate. Obverse.

A female figure holding the cornucopia. Greek legend, and mono. gram as before.

Reverse. The Brahmany bull, with the same Pehleví legend, and the letter as a monogram.

ANTIMACHUS.

Fig. 3.-A small silver coin of ANTIMACHUS, also a new prince. The character of the horseman connects it with the preceding; the portrait of the prince is wanting, nor can I find any record of his name preserved.

Obverse. Victory or Fame : legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΝΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΜΑΧΟΥ. Reverse. Horseman, and Pehleví inscription PSUX) PIIAI PYTRU. Fig. 4. A copper coin recognized to belong to ANTIMACHUS, from the Pehleví name. Vent.

NONUS.

Fig. 5.-A silver coin of NONUS, in the same style as the last, and without portrait. Vent.

Obverse. Horseman, with couched lance; scarf round the neck, part of the legend visible ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ... ΝΩΝΟΥ.

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Reverse. Soldier holding a spear; name in Pehleví, Ph.

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Fig. 10.-A square copper coin of the same prince, in which his title of μeyaλov, is apparent. The style of the copper coinage compared with the silver, in all the above, connects them with the MENANDER and APOLLODOTUS group.

Uncertain names.

Fig. 6.-The same as MASSON's No. 44. The name is not visible in the Greek, and if restored from the Pehlevi, which is quite distinct, it is unintelligible, ULITIZOU: the titles are of a paramount sovereign: the Greek letters corrupted.

Obverse. The king holding a sceptre ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ. Reverse. Jupiter seated in his chair. Pehleví inscription P4h PHILU Parzu.

Figs. 7, 8.-The grandiloquent titles in these are the same as the last, and both, perhaps, on that account should be classed with the Azos series, in the next two plates, which has invariably the title "the great king of kings."

Fig. 9.-This square copper coin has the precise style of the NONUS and the AZILISOs device.

Obverse. A horseman with couched lance letters visible of the legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΝΙΚΑΤΟΡΟΥ ΑΔΕΛΦΟΡΟΥ ?

Reverse. A seated figure, probably Hercules. Pehlevi legend, though sharply cut, not intelligible w P.2.

Fig. 11.-The title King of Kings' is also visible on this coin, with the emblem of an elephant on the obverse. The king, seated on a couch, is placed on the reverse.

No native legend is traceable.

Figs. 12, 13, 14,-belong to a series of coins sui generis: the two first are of the Ventura collection, the third from MASSON's plates. The head fills the obverse, while the title in corrupt Greek surrounds a well executed horse on the reverse. It is probable that all the horse coins belong to one locality: Bactria was famous for its fine breed of this noble animal; but he is generally represented mounted by a warrior. This coin, and No. 8, are the only ones on which he appears naked. The extended arm of the prince on the obverse is a point of agreement with the common coin, fig. 25 of Pl. XXIII.

Plates XXII., XXIII. Azos.

We now come to a series of coins exceedingly numerous, and of various device, bearing the name of a prince altogether unknown to history. It was from a coin presented by Munshi MOHAN LAL, (Dr. GERARD'S companion de voyage,) to Dr. J. GRANT, that I first recognized the name of this sovereign, many of whose coins had passed through my hands before in Lieutenant BURNES' collection, and in MASSON'S plates, without presenting a legend sufficiently distinct to be decyphered. General VENTURA's collection also possessed many very distinct coins of Azos, and his name either in Greek or in Pehlevi was thence traced through a series of coins that had been given to other monarchs.

The title of Azos is always ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΑΖΟΥ. In Pehlevi PA PO PITT P malakáo, kakkáo, maláko, Ajo, or Ayo. The name is generally set upright under the device both in Greek and Pehleví; but an occasional exception occurs, as in fig. 12, where it runs continuously with the rest of the marginal legend. None of the coins of Azos bear his head, nor in general have they his effigy, unless the seated figure in figs. 12 and 13, represent him, as is probably the case, seated on a cushioned throne, with a sceptre on his lap. The mode of sitting, it should be remarked, is entirely oriental, and the animals depicted are such as belong peculiarly to the East, the elephant, the Brahmany bull, the lion, and the Bactrian camel. The cyphers or symbols on the reverse of these coins seem evidently compounded of Pehleví letters, on the same principle as those of the more genuine Greek coins, from Greek letters; they may probably denote dates, but it will require much labour to establish this point, and the same symbol appearing on coins of very different devices, as on figs. 2 and 11, rather militates against the supposition.

It is a peculiarity of the coinage of this period, that the pieces were of a very debased metal, washed over with silver somewhat in the manner of the coins of the Roman Emperor GALLIENUS and his successors, and denominated" billion" by numismatologists. Is it possible that the scarcity of silver to which the origin of this species of coin has been attributed in the West, had extended even to India?