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held it in possession, without any attempt being made, either by the Kalmuks to regain their lost authority, or by the natives, to assert their independence. Subsequently, however, the Chinese began to oppress the people to such a degree, as to excite much discontent, and a general feeling of dislike towards them. Taking advantage of this state of things, AI KHOJEн, a descendent of the ancient princes of the country, and a Syed of noble family, to whom the Kalmuks, as well as the whole of the Muhammedan population, were much attached, headed a rebellion against the Chinese, and opposed them with various success for some time; but was, at length, forced to retire before their superior number. The Chinese are said to have made a cruel use of the advantage they had gained, and massacred the Muhammedans in every quarter where the least resistance was apprehended.

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AI KHOJEн, and his followers, finding it impossible to continue the contest, fled to Badakshán; but the prince of that country betrayed him, and gave him up to the Chinese, who put him to death. retribution for this treachery, his country, the people of Yárkand believe, has been visited with the miseries that have since befallen it, and fell an easy prey to MUHAMMED Murád BEG, of Kundúz, who some years ago invaded and conquered it. When AI KHOJEн was thus delivered into the hands of the Chinese, his son, and his grandson, JEHANGI'R KHOJEн, fled to Andeján. Some years afterwards, Ar KHOJEH's son died, leaving his son JEHÁNGÍR KHOJEн, then a youth, under the care of the KHÁN of Kokan. About 10 or 11 years ago, observing how unpopular the Chinese had become, he formed a plan for regaining the possessions of his forefathers. Having succeeded in bringing over to his cause EESÁ BAHADUR, one of the influential men of Andeján, who joined him with a large body of the Khirgiz, and being supported also in his attempt by the KHÁN of Kokan, who sent a force of about 8000 horse to assist him; he advanced into Chinese Tartary, and attacked the Chinese in their cantonment at Kashgar. The Chinese, and YUNIS WAUG, who was then the Usbek hákim of Kashgar, took refuge in the fort; but the Chinese apprehending that this chief and the Muhammedans would join JEHÁNGír, put YUNIS WAUG, and many of the inhabitants, to death. This inhuman proceeding, however, failed of its object; for it did not deter the rest of the inhabitants, who were Musalmans, from going over to JEHhánGír; who, thus strengthened, attacked the fort, and carried it by storm the Chinese, who were taken by surprise, being either driven out, or cut to pieces.

JEHÁNGÍR KHOJEH then marched to Yárkand, where also he was well received by the inhabitants. The Chinese, after sustaining several defeats, abandoned the country. Encouraged by his success, the KHOJEH then proceeded to Khoten, and expelled the Chinese from that province. Whenever he made his appearance, the Chinese either gave way, or, resisting, were put to the sword. Thus JEHANGír acquired possession of the whole country, which remained in his hands for five or six months; but, abusing his power, he tyrannised over the people, and oppressed them. He became, in consequence, disliked, and was not supported by the inhabitants in opposing the Chinese, who returned with an army estimated at about 60,000 men, besides many Kalmuk horse. Being unable to check their progress, the KноJEн retired to the mountains, and his Khirgiz and Andeján allies retired to their own countries, carrying away with them property of immense value, of which, on the approach of the Chinese, they had plundered the inhabitants. Shortly afterwards, ISHÁK KHOJEH, of Kashgar, being jealous of JEHANGIR, betrayed him into the hands of the Chinese general at Auksú, by whom he was sent to Pechin, (Pekin,) where he was put to death by order of the Emperor. For the service which IsHÁK KHOJEн had rendered, he received from the Chinese, the office and title of WAUG, or prince of Kashgar. The real cause of the defeat of JEHANGÍR KHOJEH was, that the Usbeks of Chinese Tartary were divided into two tribes, the Ak Tak, to which he belonged, who are of the Naqsh-bandí sect, and the Kura Tak, who are Kadarís, and who never cordially joined the other. ISHÁK KHOJEH was the chief of the latter. Sometime subsequent to his being appointed governor of Kashgar, he was called to Pekin, but never heard of after. It is supposed the Chinese were afraid of his influence, and that he was got rid of by poison.

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Revenue-Albaum, or Land Tax-and Customs.-The revenue derived by the Chinese, or rather the payment made to them by their subjects in Chinese Tartary, is denominated Albaum," which consists of a capitation tax of one rupee from each man, per month, and a tenth of the produce of the land.

Syeds, múllahs, pírzádehs, faquírs, soldiers, &c. are excused from paying the " Albaum," according to the laws of GENGHIS Khan. Formerly, land customs were levied on merchandize in transitu through the province; and were collected at the rate of 24 per cent. on the value, (or as the narrator described it, " 1 in 40, that is, of 40 pieces of cloth, one was taken;") but, about twelve years ago, this duty was entirely abolished, by order of the Emperor of China, and merchandize now passes free of impost.

Population and Language. The native population of the country is Usbek, divided, as before stated, into two distinct classes, the Ak Tak, and Kura Tak. The language generally spoken is the Jaghatai Turki, which the Kalmuks also understand. This is probably the purest dialect of the Turki language, there being less admixture of Arabic and Persian, than in any of the others. A collection of a few common words will be found annexed to this memoir, which will show its great affinity to the other branches of that widely diffused tongue.

Chinese Troops.-The military force stationed by the Chinese in their provinces, is said to amount to between twenty and thirty thousand men.

Nature of the Government.-The Chinese government is represented to be very unpopular, at the present time, throughout these countries. There seems to be nothing in its system calculated to conciliate, or productive of advantages tending to reconcile the people to subjection to foreigners. The feeling of dislike, with which the Chinese are regarded, has been latterly much increased, in consequence of their carrying on vast works of fortification, and building walled towns, by the forced labour of the natives. The Musalman princes, chiefs, &c. are said to occupy, by the natives who had passed through India, nearly the same political position under the Chinese residents, or Umbauns, and stand in the same relation to them, as they supposed the Nawabs, Rájas, &c. of this country do to the residents of the English government, the Chinese interfering little in the direct management of the people, and leaving to the native princes the administration of the government and laws. The revenue, however, is realized entirely by the Chinese, the princes, &c. having large landed assignments.

English in India.-It is known at Yárkand, that India is governed by a nation of Europe (Feringís); and, it is said, that the Chinese entertain a high notion of the power of the English, which they view with feelings of apprehension, connected with an idea, that is prevalent in the country, of its being destined to fall into their hands.

Chinese Tartary accessible to European travellers.-It is said, that provided a person would dress as a native, allow his beard to grow, and accompany pilgrims on their return from Mecca, there would not be much difficulty in penetrating into Chinese Tartary; but that the easiest way would be by way of Kokan and Kashgar, as large káfilás of merchants able to speak Turkí, as very few of the natives of the country understand Persian; whereas, in the Kokan country, in Independent Tartary,

pass that way. The person must, however, be

the population of whole towns speak nothing else. It would not be difficult for the individual to go even to Pekin, in China. All that is requisite is to get a pass from the governor, by paying a few tenkehs to the Chinese officers, giving out that his object is trade. My informants stated, that some years ago, a European made his appearance at Yárkand, in a native dress. He was discovered accidentally, and brought before the governor, who threatened him with torture if he did not confess who he was; but assured him that he would be well treated, if he spoke the truth. He admitted that he was a European, and was sent out of the country.

The foregoing particulars were elicited from various natives of the country, and at different periods, as they happened to arrive at Bombay, in their way on a pilgrimage to Mecca. One of these individuals was a prince of the country, another a pírzádeh, both persons of considerable education and information: the first was a native of Auksú; the second had travelled to Badakshán, Kurratigin, Derváz, and Kokán. Another was an inhabitant of Eelchí, in Khoten.

At the time this information was collected, I had not seen the works of Lieut. BURNES, or TIMKOWSKY, nor the papers by the Baron HUMBOLDT, and Monsieur KLAPROTH, in the Journal Asiatique.

It is remarkable, however, and perhaps, may add to the value of this information, that the accounts given me generally corroborate those of the above-named distinguished characters, with the exception of what Lieut. BURNES' informants told him respecting the troops in Chinese Tartary being Túngánís, which mine say is not the case; and the reason given by them seems to prove the truth of their assertion.

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Collection of Words of the Turki dialect, spoken at Yarkand.

J Kuduk and Light
Kulduk Far
Near

Taghatteh
Zirak

Yakin

Agis

Tus

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Sut

Mountain Tàgh

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Valley, or

Girl

Kiz (billa)

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Dawàn

Boy

Oghal (billa)

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Sheep,
Dumba, Koyi

Mouth

Nose

Bash
Yaghis
Barùn

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Cow

Galleh

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II.- -Some Account of the Hill Tribes of the Piney Hills in the Madura District. Extracted from the MS. Journal of the late Major WARD. Madras European Regiment, communicated by Capt. T. J. TAYLOR, The primitive inhabitants residing in the Varshagherry and Kumnundaven mountains, are the Kunnuver Villálers, in number amounting to about 4000 of both sexes, who resorted to them, it is supposed, about four centuries ago. They may be classed with the Villalers of the plain, yet differ in their habits and manners, scarcely having any intercourse with each other, or forming any connection by marriage. This latter circumstance may, however, in some degree be attributed to the difference of climate, the extreme cold of which the inhabitants of the low lands are unable to endure. It is still more singular that even among themselves they have peculiar habits and customs, which distinguish those in the east from their western neighbours: the latter consider themselves as something superior, and have no communication with each other. In their marriages, the Kunnuvers of the east invariably use a teak-wood stool when performing the ceremony by way of distinction: those of the west are not so particular, the bride and bridegroom are seated on stools, the floor of the house being previously garnished with cow-dung, and fantastically ornamented with streaks of flour. When the operation of sprinkling saffron-water is over, the husband performs the most important part of tying the tally, a small golden ornament, around the neck of the bride; the whole concludes with an entertainment to the relatives and friends of

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