JUNCTION OF SUBORDINATE SYMBOLS.

35. Most of the Subordinate Symbols may be joined together without ambiguity in any phraseological order in which they may chance to occur. The absence of full sized characters will prevent the combinations from being confounded with accentually written words that may have the same letters.

JUNCTION OF PRONOUNS WITH AUXILIARY VERBS.

The Pronouns (I, it, he, she, we, you, they,) may be joined to the auxiliary verbs, (can, could, have, had, may, might, must, shall, should, was, were, will, would.) In these cases I may be represented by a single oblique line (half of the ordinary symbol,) so that all these Pronouns will be denoted by single tick-sized marks.

JUNCTION OF NO-NOT WITH SUBORDINATE SYMBOLS.

37. The negatives no not, in connection with subordinate words, may be indicated by a tick-sized line crossing the end of the Subordinate Symbol; as no less, no greater, can not, may not, &c.

CENTRE DOT BEFORE HALF SIZED CONSONANTS.

38. Advantage is taken of the peculiarity of this notation, which can never occur in ordinary writing, to denote the following words and phrases:

COMPOUND WORDS AND PHRASES.

39. Compound words not otherwise provided for, may be contracted, and at the same time rendered distinctive to the eye, by writing the first half of the word like a crossing prefix to the second: thus good+nat good-natured, heav+min heavenly-minded, ill+temp illtempered, &c.

40. On the same principle also classical and other PHRASES of common occurence may be represented. The full writing of such phrases will thus, often, be rendered unneccessary, as the initial combinations of their principal words will symbolize the phrase with both brevity and perspicuity. The following examples will sufficiently illustrate the principle. The syllables within parentheses may be omitted.

delir (ium) + trem (ens)
dram (atis) + person (æ)
ecc (e) + sig (num)
(in) stat (u) + quo
ipsiss (ima) + verb (a)
ips (e) + dix (it)

(ne) plus +ult (ra)

nem (ine) + contra (discente)
onus + prob (andi)
sanc (tum) + sanc (torum)
terr (a) + incog (nita)
verb (um sat) + sap (ienti)

NUMERAL PHRASES.

41. A DOT before the numerals 1, 2, 3, &c., is used to denote such phrases as in the first place, in the second place, &c.; and a dot after the numbers denotes the words, secondly, thirdly, &c, LETTERS in tick size, are also used after the numerals, thus :

ch after a number denotes chapter; d after 2 and 3 signifies second and third; f denotes feet or fold, as twofold, &c.; k before or after any number signifies quarter, as (before) a quarter to two, &c. ; (after) tro and a quarter, a quarter past two, &c.; m after a number denotes ;n signifies inches; r denotes rate, as first rate, second rate,

onths

&c.; s after 2 and 3 denotes twice and thrice; t signifies times, as three times, &c. th after 4, 5, 6, &c., denotes fourth, fifth, &c.; v after a number signifies verse; w denotes weeks; y denotes yards. A half sized d after any of the numbers, signifies days, and a half sized r denotes hours. Degrees, (") minutes, (') and seconds, (") may be written as usual.

ANALOGICAL SYMBOLS.

42. A moderate use of very obvious analogical symbols may be made without imposing any burden on the memory. The following will be easily remembered.

To the last of these symbols a dot or letter may be added, to indicate such phrases as the following:

On the same principle, a dot before the symbol for year will signify

of the year," and a dot after it," at the end of the year."

"at the beginning

C

PUNCTUATION.

44. The ordinary marks of punctuation may be used ad libitum, if care be taken not to mix them up too closely with the writing. The best way is to insert them in the middle of the line space, and slightly apart from the words on either side. The author recommends writing the subordinate words in GROUPS with their associated primary words-i.e. above or below, as they are accentually pronounced before or after them. But this is not essential. It renders unnecessary the use of any of the lesser marks of punctuation: but those who prefer to carry on the writing in a continuous line, may do so without any ambiguity, as the various symbols have no difference of value, whether written continuously or in groups. An indication of a new sentence, and a mark of interrogation, are all the punctuation marks that are really necessary in Shorthand Writing. A line of three dots, a short zig-zag line, or a blank space, suffice for the former; and an appropriate symbol for the latter, that may be incorporated with the writing, is furnished in the double dot symbol, (par 53.) Illustrations of GROUPING will be found in the Plates.