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NOTES ON SHEEP.

DIFFERENT NAMES OF SHEEP ACCORDING

TO THEIR AGES.

unfortunately much out of fashion in England, but still extremely serviceable everywhere. It might also comprise general views and practical results concerning the earth's surface, showing the best modes of quarrying, of discritniIr is a very general custom in England to calculate the agenating the nature of soils, and improving them for agriculof sheep from the shearing-season, as for instance, the tural purposes. chief flocks in the United Kingdoms are lambed between the end of January and March, and shorn in June and July. Our owners estimate the ages of their flocks from the latter period, as may be seen from the following terms by which the ages of sheep are calculated.

During the time the lambs run with their dams, the male is called either a "tup lamb," or "ram lamb." From the period of his being weaned, to the shearing season, he is classed under different denominations, such as a "tup hog," or "teg hog," and when deprived of his fleece he is very generally distinguished by the term "shearling tup, shearling hog, or shearling teg." After being shorn a second time, he is called a "two-shear tup, two-shear hog, or twoshear teg," and when a year older he bears the above names, with the addition of another year to his age. The ewes are called "ewe-lambs" until weaned, and after that period "shearling ewes, two-shear ewes, and three and four-shear ewes," &c.

IMPROVEMENT OF RURAL EDUCATION

THE true philanthropist and real patriot will be disposed to encourage the emigration to our grazing colonies of young, healthy, and useful persons, incapable of earning a competent livelihood at home. But he will not stop here. He will extend his benevolence a step further, and endeavour to see that early instruction, adapted to their respective callings, is instilled into the minds of our field labourers. It is to be feared that generally speaking the plan of rural education in England is defective, and I became the more convinced that this was the case from a circumstance which fell under my own observation.

Some time ago I was requested by a mercantile house in Australia to send out to them a party of shepherds, for the management of flocks. I accordingly procured sixteen from Kent, Wilts, and Norfolk, well recommended, no more than half of whom could read and write. On inquiry I learnt that the uneducated parties, when boys, had been occupied in tending flocks, which prevented them from receiving any instruction. Surely in an age like this, when in large towns institutions are established to instruct the mechanical classes, some method might be adopted to diffuse useful knowledge among our peasantry !

We hear of schools for farmers being established on the European continent, and although this mode of tuition in England might not perhaps produce the effect desired, nevertheless I humbly conceive the object in view might be attained by some other expedient, and it would be to the honour and the credit of our leading agriculturists to have one devised. They themselves would eventually reap the benefit. A little public spirit is all that is wanting to remove what truly may be called a national calamity, if not a disgrace. Let us therefore begin systematically, and see that suitable pocket-books, or manuals, are placed in the hands of the several classes of our unlettered peasants.

To have poor children taught to read and write ought to be the bounden duty of the parish overseer, and no parent should be allowed to avail himself of the personal services of any junior member of his family until this has been accomplished. Thanks to the generous and benevolent dispositions of our resident nobility and gentry, in no village, or rural district of the kingdom, can poverty be pleaded as an excuse for the omission.

When a peasant-boy, for example, has made sufficient progress in the first rudiments, and is called upon to earn his livelihood in the open air, either by means of field-husbandry, or tending sheep, he ought to have a portable and strongly-bound tract put in his hand, written in a plain and elementary manner, on agriculture and the management of sheep, and containing lists of the ordinary fruit and forest trees, descriptions of the best methods of draining land, and an enumeration of the seasons for sowing, modes of planting and grafting, &c., accompanied by instructive plates.

This manual ought also to treat of the common diseases among cattle, horses, and sheep, to which might be added a plate, representing the short-jointed, clean-legged, bony and compact cart-horse, of which there are a few fine specimens still remaining in Suffolk and Norfolk. Correct drawings of this kind would familiarize the eye to a breed of horses

A work of this kind would be extremely serviceable to the young peasant, and assist him in his progress through life. As a stimulus, suitable rewards should be offered to him for such improvement as he may make in that branch of industry to which his application is directed. It were indeed to be wished that some of our patriotic noblemen, or benevolent corporations, would carry out the suggestion here offered. A mixed elementary and practical tuition, undertaken on a plan similar to the one here insinuated, besides being beneficial at home, would be attended with the best consequences in our grazing colonies.

UTILITY OF SHEEP.

WERE it not for sheep, a large portion of the hilly districts of the United Kingdom would have remained barren wastes -unproductive and uncultivated. The steepest ascents and most mountainous districts are traversed by this little animal, who there feeds without the aid of culture, or the support of man, whilst flocks fertilize and improve the land on which they pasture, and thus augment its produce, at the same time that the enlightened and scientific agriculturist, through the operation of folding, conveys by their aid manure to land inaccessible to a dung-cart, and thus causes them to become fruitful, and yield an increase of grain for the use and benefit of the human race.

Again, the experienced agriculturist applies the services of sheep, at certain seasons of the year, to early corn crops when in too forward a state. At such periods these useful animals are commonly turned into those fields which appear too luxuriant, and by nipping the too early plants, check their growth, whilst their little feet break and pulverize the clods of earth, and by gentle pressure contribute to the defence of the tender roots from the winter's frost. Their manure also serves to fertilize the land, by causing the plants to fructify, and the produce to increase. Such are the uses and advantages of sheep, as applied to agricul

ture.

SHEEP-SHEARING.

DURING the operation of shearing an amusing scene is presented to the admirers of nature and the lovers of pastoral scenery, by witnessing the ewes, when deprived of their fleeces and restored to their lambs. The former bleat plaintively and as if fully sensible of the injury sustained, while the latter, responding to the call of their dams, hesitate to approach on beholding them in so new and strange a form. This scene is thus admirably described in CUVIER'S Animal Kingdom.

"He who, in shearing-time, when the lambs are put up separately from the ewes, witnesses the correct knowledge these animals have of each other's voices; the particular bleating of the mother, just escaped from the shears, and the responsive cail of the lamb, skipping at the same moment of time to meet her; its startling attitude at the first sight of her altered appearance, and the re-assured gambol at her repeated voice and well-known smell; he who observes them, at these moments, will not refuse them as great a share of intelligence as their ancient subjugation, extreme delicacy, and consequent habitual dependance on man's will, allow." [From SOUTHEY's Treatise on Sheep.]

DUELLING.

Reputation?-that's man's idol,

Set up against God, the maker of all laws,
Who hath commanded us we should not kill,
And yet we say we must. for reputation!
What honest man can either fear his own,
Or else will hurt another's reputation?
Fear to do base and unworthy things is valour;
If they be done to us, to suffer them
Is valour too.

LONDON:

JOHN WILLIAM PARKER, WEST STRAND. PUBLISHED IN WEEKLY NUMBERS, FRICE ONE PENNY, AND IN MONTHLY PARTS, PRICE SIXPENCE.

Sold by all Booksellers and Newavenders in the Kingdom.

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SOME ACCOUNT OF PARIS, HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE.
PART THE FOURTH.

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RUE ST. ANTOINE AND THE BASTILLE, AS THEY APPEARED IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

FORMATION OF THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE.

IN the Supplement for December, we brought down our
sketch of the history of Paris to that dreadful period when
Protestants were doomed to suffer a heavy persecution for
the conscientious worship of the Almighty in the principles
We now resume our sketch,
of the Reformed Church.
and shall rapidly review the principal events in which
Paris was concerned, from the massacre of St. Bartholomew
to about the year 1780.

Charles the Ninth, the weak and wicked prinee under
whose reign the massacre was perpetrated, died in 1572,
in dreadful agonies of body and mind,-the victim at once
of a slow fever, and of the yet more terrible infliction of
He was succeeded by his brother,
stinging remorse.
Henry the Third, who reigned about sixteen years. Edu-
cated in the same school, placed in similar circumstances,
directed by the same councils as his brother, he seemed
likely to hold the same conduct, and to entertain the same
principles. But although he was as great a persecutor, as
perfidious and as superstitious as Charles, he was not so
sanguinary; but delighted more in scenes of licentious
debauchery. He was, to a considerable extent, a tool in
the hands of Rome and Spain; and he readily consented
to continue the persecution of the Protestants, provided his
own private pleasures were not interfered with.

But five years of warring against the Protestants produced no definite results; and, weary of the contest, Henry consented to a kind of treaty, by which liberty of conscience and the public exercise of religion were granted to the Protestants, but with the restriction, that they were not to VOL. XVII.

preach within two leagues of Paris, nor in any other part
where the Court might be: eight towns were also given up
to them. This concession alarmed the Catholic party; and
Rome, Spain, and the Guises formed the Catholic League,
an association whose object was to uphold Catholic power
against all attempts of the Protestants. As one of the
articles of this league was, that the Catholics were to be in
were to execute whatever he commanded, the king thought
future entirely dependent on the chief of the league, and
proper to become himself the chief of it, in order to keep
some authority over an association which might else prove
dangerous to him. The result of this combination, or asso-
ciation, was, that the contest with the Catholics recom-
menced, and did not terminate as long as the king lived.
But the members of the league were worthy of each other,
and showed how little mutual dependence was placed: the
assassinated by his order,-and the king himself was finally
Duke of Guise soon showed hostility to the king,-was
assassinated, in 1588, by a monk, named Jacques Clement,
instigated, as is supposed, by the leaguers.

The Capuchins were first established in Paris in this
reign. The Court of Rome, alarmed at the progress of
Protestantism, determined to multiply the number of its
and monks, convents for both sexes, and religious commu-
To these were added
emissaries. Paris was already surcharged with monasteries
nities of every name and kind.
The Capuchins afterwards
Jesuits and Capuchins; the former of whom undertook to
gain spiritual power over the higher orders, and the latter
over the poor and humble.
518
became some of the most zealous agents of the Papal power,

while the Jesuits added a great deal of subtle sagacity to their zeal.

DAY OF THE BARRICADES.

to defend themselves; and the General said that at last he became weary of merely striking them to the ground, and declared that he would kill no more of them.

After a highly discreditable scene of pillage, the troops of Henry retired from Paris, in order to lay siege to Etampes. But in the May of the following year, (1589,) he again presented himself before the walls of Paris, and then commenced a siege which, for the exquisite misery suffered by the humbler classes of the besieged, has been rarely excelled in the history of nations. We must detail this siege somewhat fully.

Henry determined to starve out the city, instead of assaulting it; and for that purpose blockaded it on every side, in order that no provisions should be conveyed into the city. His first operation, therefore, was to gain possession of all the faux bourgs that surrounded the city walls. He divided his army into ten portions, and at twelve o'clock at midnight, on the 8th of May, these ten divisions attacked simultaneously the ten fauxbourgs, which at that time formed the suburbs of the city, and soon conquered the whole. Henry was thus enabled to bring his forces close up to the barriers or gates of the city, and thus to prevent the entrance of provisions.

The leaders of the besieged were, however, resolved to hold out to the last, although the prospect before them was terrible; for they had not more than a fortnight's provisions within the walls. But as Henry drew off a portion of his army for a time, in order to take possession of Nantes, the Parisians succeeded in obtaining some additional provisions. A message was sent to demand succour from the Duke of Parma; and when Henry's army had completely hemmed in the city, a census of the population and an inventory of the provisions were taken, when it was found that there were 200,000 human beings within the walls, together with enough wheat for one month's consumption, and 1500 hogsheads of oats. Never, perhaps, did a month's provisions appear a more cherished treasure.

The city of Paris, during this reign, suffered many of those vicissitudes which influenced France generally; but there was one day, called the Day of the Barricades, in which Paris showed the great power which a dense population, suddenly excited, can manifest in political turmoils. We have mentioned that Henry the Third joined the leaguers, in order to shield himself from their power; but it appears that the Duke of Guise had something more than the support of the Catholic cause in view; for although Henry was a zealous Catholic, there was a never-ceasing hostility on the part of the duke. In truth, he aimed at dethroning the king, and assuming the reins of regal power himself. Guise contrived to gain the goodwill of the Parisians, and to draw down odium on the king. He so far succeeded in this plan as to determine on a bold proceeding on the 12th of May, 1588. On the morning of that day, the king, aware that there was a plot in operation, surrounded himself with 4000 Swiss guards, who placed themselves in the Place de Grève; while 2000 more occupied the different bridges of Paris. This was done quite early in the morning, and by four o'clock, parties of the populace were seen assembling, and a cry of "To arms" was raised. Chains were speedily stretched across the ends of the streets, while a party of armed students and artisans, headed by the Duke of Brissac, one of the chiefs of the league, tore up the pavement, and with the stones, together with earth trodden hard in casks, constructed a barricade in the Place Maubert, in the south-west quarter of the town. By noon of the same day, similar barricades were erected in all the principal streets, the effect of which was to cut off the communication of the royal troops from one part of the city to the other. These barricades were defended by parties of musqueteers; while the inhabitants were stationed at the roofs and windows of the houses to The ecclesiastical authorities of the city now exerted all fire, or to hurl stones at the soldiers beneath. The soldiers the well known authority of the priesthood of the Romish attempted to disperse the assemblages of armed citizens; faith to keep in subjection those of the Parisians who were but they were almost everywhere beaten back and defeated. disposed to murmur at the prospect before them. They The king had now no course to pursue than to treat preached sermons, in which they inveighed most outrawith the Duke of Guise, the acknowledged head of the geously against the heretic besieger (for it must be borne assailants. The duke undertook to stop the carnage which in mind that a large share of the hostility of the clergy and the people were making among the soldiers. He rode nobles against Henry was due to the difference of religion among the people, and his orders to that effect were in-between him and them, although he had previously made stantly obeyed, amid cries of "Guise for ever!" Guise a show of conversion); and they called down the vengeance intended to make use of his newly-gained advantage on of Heaven on all who should dare to consider his claims as the following morning; but, during the night, the king well-founded. The priests also adopted the expedient of contrived to escape from the Louvre, and left Paris. Thus reading from their pulpits forged letters, purporting to ended the "day of the barricades." come from the Duke de Mayenne, and announcing approaching succour. Spectacles and processions of various kinds were devised, in order to distract the attention of the people from their own sufferings. On one occasion, a sort of military review of ecclesiastics took place. The Bishop of Senlis walked at the head of the procession, followed by ecclesiastics walking four and four. Then followed the four mendicant orders, the Capuchins, the friars minims, and an assemblage of students. The chiefs of the religious orders carried each one a crucifix in the left hand and a halberd in the right; while others among them carried arquebusses, daggers, and other kinds of arms. Many of them wore helmets and corslets. A Scotch ecclesiastic, named Hamilton, acted as serjeant, marshalled them in order, stopped them when a hymn was to be sung, and then ordered them to march again.

SIEGE OF PARIS BY HENRY OF NAVARRE.

The death of the king, which we have said was the work of Jacques Clement, occurred at St. Cloud, while Henry, together with Henry of Navarre, were laying plans for besieging Paris. When the king was dead, Henry of Navarre caused himself to be proclaimed king, under the title of Henry the Fourth. His claim to the throne rested on the following grounds. He was the grandson of the King of Navarre, a country which, at that time, had not yet been united to France. He therefore inherited the throne of Navarre; and having married the sister of Charles the Ninth, claimed, on the death of Henry the Third, the French crown, as being the nearest relative to the deceased king. This claim appears to have been just; but it was not so deemed, for interest' sake, by the bigoted Catholics who then held sway in France. Henry of Navarre had supported the cause of the Huguenots, or Protestants, with great vigour, and had naturally earned the deadly hatred of the Catholics on that account. As he was at St. Cloud when the king died, the Catholics, or leaguers, were resolved not to permit him to enter Paris, but to set up one of their own party as king.

Henry of Navarre, whom we shall now call Henry the Fourth, collected together all his troops in order to take by force the city which resisted his demands. On the 31st of October, he appeared with his army before Paris, and immediately began to secure the fauxbourg, or suburb of St. Germains. In doing so, much unnecessary and cruel shedding of blood tarnished the reputation of Henry's army. One of the divisions of his troops enclosed a crowd of the inhabitants of St. Germains, in the market-place, and massacred 400 of them, in a space of ground less than 200 paces in extent. The unfortunates made no attempt

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But all this vain trifling was of little worth to the poor sufferers whom hunger began to attack. When the common stock of provisions was exhausted, the religious houses, which were found to be plentifully provided, were ordered to share their provisions with the rest. When even this store was gone, alarm seized on all. Henry had now so completely invested the city, that not the smallest quantity of food could be conveyed into it. The people urged the authorities to submit; but the latter, firm in their refusal, imprisoned, hanged, and even threw into the river, those who advised surrender; and a decree was passed, making it a crime punishable with death even to allude to such a step.

When the grain was all eaten, all the cats and dogs contained in the city were ordered to be killed, and cooked for the food of the poor: this was done in public kitchens, established in various parts of the city, where the meat was boiled in large cauldrons, and distributed every day. This supply, together with 200 horses, and 800 asses and mules,

SUPPLEMENT FOR JULY, 1840.

lasted about a fortnight. The poor had then recourse to the skins of all these animals, which they devoured; to rats and mice, whenever they could be captured; and even to the bones of the heads of dogs, bruised into a kind of pulp. But those who devoured such food were found to survive but a short time; so that what with those, and others who died of positive starvation, two or three hundred persons were found lying dead in the streets every morning; a consequence of which was, that pestilence became added to their other sorrows.

poor

When the siege had lasted about six weeks, some of the contrived, one dark night, to slide down from the wall into the moat, and, throwing themselves at Henry's feet, conjured him to allow them to leave the city. He was moved with their piteous tale, and, on the following day, allowed 3000 of the poorest inhabitants to leave the place. But as the Guise party resolutely refused to surrender, the relief to the besieged was but temporary. The citizens petitioned the governor-but in vain; and when the populace became clamorous, vast numbers of them were instantly hanged, in order to intimidate the rest. By this time, not a cat, á dog, a blade of grass, or an ear of corn was to be found in the place, and the sufferers actually pounded slates, and baked them for food: nay, even graves were rifled, and the dead bodies ground and baked in a similar manner. One more incident, and we must close this scene of horrors: two children having died, the starving mother salte! their bodies, and, with a female servant, subsisted on them for several days.

When the siege had lasted three months, one hundred thousand persons had perished from hunger and disease, being one-half of the entire population. Henry himself was sickened at the thought of such a devastation, and occasionally permitted provision to be carried in; but as the leaguers, notwithstanding the scenes around them, still refused to yield, the Parisians found themselves again hemmed in, and reduced to despair. But their period of suffering now approached an end. The Duke of Parma, whose assistance had been so long looked for, approached the neighbourhood on August 30, and Henry immediately departed with his army from before Paris in order to give him battle. "At the dawn of day," says a French historian, "the sentinel perceived that the city was deserted by the enemy. Immediately cries of joy were heard along the walls. The inhabitants, aroused by these cries, could scarcely credit such unhoped-for good fortune: they ran to the ramparts to assure themselves with their own eyes that such was the fact. A Te Deum was immediately sung, the preacher, Panigarole, delivered a sermon, and arranged a grand procession. But the famishing inhabitants left this procession, and ran out into the neighbouring fields and villages in search of grass and herbage."

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REIGN OF HENRI QUATRE-EDICT OF NANTES-
LOUIS THE THIRTEENTH.

It was four years after this before Henry the Fourth gained possession of Paris; in which interval he solemnly abjured the Protestant faith. But this did not satisfy the leaguers, who were obviously more influenced by political than religious feelings. He ultimately gained possession of Paris by giving the governor, Count de Brissac, a bribe of nearly two million livres. Henry and his troops entered secretly by the aid of the governor, and immediately took possession of the regal palace. The populace very soon became favourable, for it was not so much they, as the leaders of the Catholic party, who had been so hostile to Henry.

We cannot follow minutely the course of events which succeeded Henry's entry into Paris. We may merely observe, that so deadly was the hatred of the Catholic party toward him, that he was in constant fear of his life.-a eircumstance sufficient to embitter the existence of any man. No less than seventeen distinct attempts at assassination were planned during his reign, and in these conspiracies, monks, priests, cardinals, and legates, figured so conspicaously as to show how deadly was the hostility of the Romish party to him. The eighteenth attempt was successful. He received intimation that an attempt was to be made on his life, and he was in a state of anxious suspense respecting it. At length, May 14, 1610, he was riding from the Louvre to the Arsenal, when the street through which he passed was blocked up with vehicles. His carriage was forced to stop; and as he was stooping to address the Duc d'Epernon on the opposite seat, a monk stepped up on the wheel of the carriage, and stabbed him through the open window of

lenient eye the manner in
the carriage. This monk's name was Ravaillac, and he
It is difficult to view with
afterwards died by horrible tortures.
which Henry made religion the tool of his political proceed-
ings. But putting motives out of the question, the Protes
tant cause gained considerably during his reign. On the
Nantes, which re-established in a solid and effective manner
13th of April, 1598, he passed the celebrated Edict of
and added more which had not been thought of before, par-
all the favours which had been granted to the reformed,
ticularly that of allowing them a free admission to all em-
in which the members of the two religions were equal, and
ployments of trust, profit, and honour, establishing chambers
the permitting their children to be educated without re-
straint in any of the universities.

Henry was succeeded by Louis the Thirteenth, under
the regency of the queen-mother, Mary de Medicis.
During the minority of the king there were repeated cabals
when, in 1617, he came of age, and resumed the regal au-
between the queen-regent and the ambitious nobles; but
Cardinal Richelieu. The political events of this reign we
thority, he chose as his counsellor the talented and ambitious
cannot detail, but we must mention that religious wars broke
out and distracted France. Notwithstanding the Edict of
Nantes, the Catholic party renewed hostilities against the
Protestants, and after many sanguinary scenes, the edict
was confirmed in 1621. But this treaty did not last long,
for hostilities broke out again; and it was not till 1628 that
the religious wars which had distracted France were ter-
In one of the contests during Louis the Thir
minated.
teenth's reign, the town of Negreplisse was besieged, and
after having been taken, it was resolved to make a terrible
on any terms.-the inhabitants were all massacred, with-
example of the inhabitants, who had refused to surrender
out distinction of sex, age, or rank! The wars in which the
Protestants and Catholics of France had been engaged for so
many years, had cost 1,000,000 of human lives, 150,000,000
livres of money, and the destruction of 9 cities, 400 villages,
2000 churches, 2000 monasteries, and 10.000 houses. The
ultimate result of these terrible conflicts was, that the Pro
testant religion was admitted on a kind of sufferance into
France, but possessed of but little influence. There were
no particular attacks made on the rights and freedom of
under Louis the Fourteenth: a persecution which robbed
conscience of Protestants, until that most disastrous one
France of some of its most valuable subjects. This will
presently occupy our attention.

CIVIL WARS OF THE FRONDISTS.

Louis the Thirteenth, and his great minister Richelieu, both died in 1643, and the throne passed to his son Louis the Fourteenth. As the young king was, however, only five years of age, the kingdom was governed during bis minority by his mother, Anne of Austria, widow of Louis the Thirteenth. France was in a very convulsed state, The court and the parliament espoused different interests, its share, as on all similar occasions. Anne had taken to and a long series of cabals followed. In these Paris had her counsel the able but profligate Cardinal Mazarin; and there now arose two parties, the court party, headed by Mazarin and the queen-regent, and the Frondiste, or the Fronde, who comprised by far the larger portion of the parFronde is said to have been derived from frondeurs or liament, and of the inhabitants of Paris. The appellation slingers, and to denote that the party could overthrow

Mazarin with the same ease as David slew Goliah. The following narration will show the manner in which the Fronde exhibited their power.

On the 26th of August 1648, Peter Broussel, one of the councillors of the parliament, and a distinguished member conveyed to prison. Broussel had so ingratiated hunsel. of the Fronde, was arrested by command of Mazarin, and with the people generally, that he was called Father of the excited a great ferment. A cry of rescue was almost imPeople, and Patriarch of the Fronde, and his detentioa mediately raised among the residents of the neighbourhood. This cry soon spread to every part of the city, the inhabitants flew to arms, the chains were stretched across the ends of the street, the pavements were torn up and formed day of the barricades" before described. into barricades, and everything showed a probable renewal of the " Mazarin heard the news of the disturbed state of Paris, he ordered troops to occupy the bridges which separate the 518-2 one to the other. But the multitude, who had provided city into two parts, so as to cut off the communication from

When

themselves with weapons from every available source, attacked the troops with so much vigour and firmness, that the latter were obliged to quit two of the bridges, and could only succeed in maintaining one of them, the Pont Royal. The reason for this defeat was to be found in the circumstance, that the people had so barricaded the passages from one part of the city to another, that the soldiers were almost deprived of the power of acting vigorously.

At this period Cardinal Retz presented himself on the scene. He was at that time called Coadjutor de Retz, that is, coadjutor or assistant to the Archbishop of Paris, with the right of succession to that see. He appeared, in his clerical robes, before the people on one of the bridges, and harangued them, exhorting them to return to their homes. The reply to this exhortation was, that Broussel's liberty was what they sought, and that they would not abandon their arms until they had obtained it. This answer induced Retz to go to the queen-regent, and by stating the position of the metropolis, to advise her to yield to the popular demand. This appeal was for a long time as ineffectual to her as it had been to the people; but a further view of the case showed the propriety of not pushing matters to extremities. Marshal de Meillerai was therefore sent out to tell the populace, that when they had laid down their arms, and had dispersed, Broussel should be liberated. But the Marshal having unluckily adopted the expedient of advancing toward them with a drawn sword, and shouting "Vive le Roi;" the people, thinking his intentions hostile, attacked him, upon which he instantly shot one man dead. He then galloped to another street, but so many persons had assembled, that he thought it prudent to return to the palace, having done more harm than good in his mission. Soon after this, the populace returned to their own houses, but with the intent of using redoubled vigour on the following day.

Before the people had begun to assemble on the morning of the twenty-seventh, two companies of Swiss guards 'marched to secure one of the city gates. This immediately excited the people, who seized their arms, attacked the troops, killed many of them, and put the rest to flight. About the same time, the chancellor Seguier received orders from court to proceed to the parliament, and forbid any discussion respecting the subject then under agitation, a tyrannical proceeding which did not fail to excite still further the resentment of the populace. Having tried in vain to pass some of the barricades in his way to the Palais de Justice (where the sittings of the parliament were held), the chancellor was proceeding along the Quay des Augustins; when the people attacked him, and forced him to take refuge in the Hotel de Luynes, situated on that quay. But they did not leave him in quiet: beating in the outer door, they searched for him in all the apartments, and were just about to set fire to the house, when a party of military came up, and succeeded in conveying him safely in a coach towards the Palais, but not without a fierce contest; for the mob pursued the soldiers, fired on them, and killed several; and some shots which were fired at the carriage killed two gent emen sitting near the chancellor, and wounded his daughter, the Duchess de Sully.

All these events were soon known in every corner of Paris; the people flew to arms; and by ten o'clock, there were no fewer than two hundred barricades constructed in different parts. Flags and banners were hoisted on these barricades, and behind each of them was posted a band of armed citizens, ready to dispute the passage of the military. Still the regent and the minister remained obstinately bent on maintaining their position. The parliament proceeded in a body to the Palais, and requested the liberation of Broussel, as the only means of restoring peace to the city. All their importunities were vain: the regent remained unmoved, and the parliament retired as they came. But while they were proceeding to the Palais de Justice, a mob orator advanced, but without any violence or coarseness, and demanded of the president whether he had brought back Broussel. The president replied that he had not, and that they were returning back to the parliament house to deliberate on their future plans. "No," said the man, "you must return to the Palais, and bring Broussel with you: without him you shall not pass." Others of the mob were more intemperate; seized the president by the beard, and threatened to set the Palais on fire, and stab the regent and Mazarin. The president and members were therefore forced to return to the Palais; and after an ineffectual attempt to prevail on the regent, a council was held, at which Mazarin expressed the necessity of yielding

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to the wishes of the people. Broussel was then liberated, and was received with every demonstration of joy by the people; after which they returned to their homes; and the chains and barricades were removed from the streets by order of parliament. Thus ended the "Barricade of the Fronde."

A long series of contests ensued, during the minority of Louis the Fourteenth, between the court party on the one hand, and the magistracy and parliament on the other. The queen regent, and her minister Mazarin, showed a strong disposition to usurp more than the recognized regal authority; while the parliament were equally resolved to resist any encroachments on the public liberty.

During these turmoils, a circumstance occurred which shows how much moral dignity and firmness are felt by the hot and violent. The discontent and hostility between parties had risen to such a height, that some of the Fronde were thinking of calling in foreign aid, to put down the regent and Mazarin. But the more moderate of the magistrates and of the parliament, disgusted at the attempts to ruin the best interests of the country by such means, resolved nobly to forego their claims on the court party, rather than adopt such a step. The president, Molé, therefore signed a sort of treaty or compact with the court, by which the evils of foreign interference were avoided. But great was the indignation of the populace, and of the seditious leaders, at this compact: the leaders were perplexed, and hardly knew how to assent to such a course. It became Molé's duty to announce the treaty to the parliament, and it required all his firmness to do so. A ferocious crowd, crying "Treason! No peace! No Mazarin!" surrounded the house of parliament, and the throng within the walls were nearly as violent as those without; for the number was small of those who took Molé's sagacious view of the evils of civil discord. Molé stood up, and read the treaty, amid the clamorous opposition of the assembly. The prince of Conti, one of the nobles of what was called the popular cause, exclaimed against a peace concluded without his knowledge and that of his friends. "You are the cause of it," retorted Molé, "for whilst we were at Ruel, you were treating with the enemies of France; you were inviting the Austrians, the Spaniards, and the enemies of France, to invade the kingdom."-"It is not without the consent of several members of the parliament that we took this step," replied the prince, without denying the charge. "Name them!" exclaimed Molé firmly, "name the traitors, that we may proceed to try and judge them." The firmness of the president at once awed the nobles, and won over the majority of the assembled magistrates to support him. The only hope of the favourers of sedition was in the rabble, who, excited and incensed, had penetrated into the passages and corridors of the house. Some, with poniards and arms, demanded the head of the president:"Give us up the Grande Barbe (long beard, for this they called him.) Molé heard them with unshaken courage. Those around him besought him to escape by a private passage. "Justice never skulks," replied Molé, "nor will I, its representative. I may perish, but will never commit an act of cowardice which would give hardihood to the mob." In accordance with this moral firmness, Molé walked fearlessly down the principal staircase, through the mob, who were awed and subdued by his magnanimity, and allowed him to pass unhurt. De Retz, one of the most powerful of the opposing nobles, has recorded, "that he could perceive in the countenance of Molé, while threatened by the fury of the multitude, not a movement that did not indicate imperturbable firmness, and at the same time a presence and elevation of mind greater than firmness, and almost supernatural."

SIEGE OF PARIS BY CONDÉ.

Perhaps at no other period in French history were the contests for power so varied and so changeable as at the period of which we are speaking. The queen-regent (for Louis the Fourteenth was not yet old enough to assume the reins of government) had disgusted all parties by her pertinacious retention of Mazarin, who had been an Italian monk, in the ministry. The prince of Condé, and other members of royal blood, formed one party; Molé, and the moderate parliamentarians formed another; the violent members, together with the lower classes, formed a third; while De Retz intrigued with all in succession, as best served his own interest. It was during the existence of this state of things, that Paris was besieged by the prince of Condé. Marshal Turenne had compelled the prince to

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