17. The frieze is a large flat face, which the ancients sometimes enriched with the figures of animals, &c.. The cornice is the crowning part of the whole.

18. The principal parts of a complete order, except the dado and shaft, are composed of small members which constitute the mouldings.

19. Some of the smaller members are the torus, the astragal, and the scotia. The torus is the swell above the plinth: the astragal is a small round member resembling a ring, which terminates the extremities of the column: the scotia is a hollow moulding used in bases, so called because of the strong shadow which its concavity produces.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

1. What is architecture, and how is it divided?

2. What is civil architecture?

3. To what is military architecture applied?

4. What does naval architecture teach?

5. From what had architecture its origin?

6. What was the first introduction to society?

7. To what did the earliest efforts in architecture extend?

8. What led to square buildings and other improvements in architecture?

9. What do the orders of architecture form, and of what does each order consist?

10. Of what does the pedestal consist?

11. What does the column include?

12. Of what does the entablature consist?

13. From what does the plinth derive its name?

14. Why is the dado or dye so called, and from what does the cornice take its name?

15. Describe the parts of the column.

16. From what does the architrave take its name, and why? 17. What is meant by the frieze?

18. Of what are the principal parts of a complete order composed?

19. Enumerate some of the smaller members and their properties?

LESSON THE SECOND.

1. There are five orders of architecture, viz. the Tuscan, the Doric, the Ionic, the Corinthian, and the Composite, which are distinguished from each other by the column, with its base and capital, and by the entablature. See fig. 1. p. 199.

2. The Tuscan order is characterized by its simplicity and strength; it is composed of few parts, devoid of orna ments, and capable of supporting the heaviest weight. The Trajan column at Rome is of this order, fig. 3.

3. The Doric possesses nearly the same character for strength as the Tuscan, but enlivened with peculiar ornamants in the frieze and are inseparable from it. of the temple of Apollo this order. See fig. 2.

at

P.

capital, which
The columns
Delos are of

199.

4. The Ionic order is said to have been first employed in the decorations of the temple of Diana at Ephesus: the volute, scrol, or spiral horn, is a principal ornament of this column. Its ornaments are in a style of composition between the richness of the Corinthian, and the plainness of the Doric orders, fig. 4.

5. The Corinthian is the most noble of the five orders, and is known by its capital being adorned with two sorts of leaves, between which rise little

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

stalks of these are formed the volutes that support the highest part of the capital, fig. 5.

6. The Composite order is nearly the same as the Corinthian, with the addition of the Ionic volute to the capital, fig. 6.

7. Each column has its particular base: the Tuscan base is the most simple, having only a torus and plinth: the Doric has an astragal more than the Tuscan. To the Ionic base the torus is larger on a double scotia, with two astragals between. The Corinthian base has two toruses, two scotias, and two astragals. The Composite base has one astragal less than the Corinthian.

8. Pilasters differ from columns only in their plan, which is square, as that of columns is round. Their bases, capitals, and entablatures are the same as those of the columns.

9. Balusters, small columns, or pillars of wood, stone, &c. are used on terraces or tops of buildings for ornament, and to support railing, and when continued they form a balustrade.

10. Corona, a large flat member in a cornice used to screen the underparts of the work, and to prevent the water from running down the column: the under part of the corona is called the soffit.

11. Portico, a continued range of columns covered at top to shelter from the weather: the portico at Palmyra was full four thousand feet long.

12. Gothic architecture originated among the northern nations of Europe, which, after the destruction of the Roman empire, they introduced to the exclusion of the Greek and Roman manner of architecture. It seems peculiarly adapted to religious edifices.

13. The characteristics of Gothic architecture are pointed arches, greater height than breadth in the proportions, and profuse ornament, chiefly derived from an imitation of the leaves and flowers of plants.

14. There are two species of Gothic architecture: the Saxon, which is heavy, plain, robust, like the Tuscan; the other, like the Corinthian architecture, is light and ornamental, and received its finish from the Normans.

15. A grove of tall trees meeting at the top with interweaved branches, is said to be the natural model from which the aisle of the Norman Gothic cathedral is derived.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

1. What are the orders of architecture?
2. How is the Tuscan order characterized?

3. What is the character of the Doric order?

4. Where was the Ionic order first used; what are its prin

cipal ornaments, and what is its character?

5. What are the characteristics of the Corinthian order?

6. What is the character of the Composite order?

7. Give an account of the bases of the several columns.

8. In what do pilasters differ from columns?

9. What are balusters?

10. What is the corona, and what is its use?

11. What is a portico, and what length was the portico at

Palmyra?

12. From whom did Gothic architecture originate?

13. What are the characteristics of Gothic architecture?

14. What are the species of Gothic architecture!

15. What is said to be the natural model of the Gothic architecture?

1

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS, PNEUMATICS, ACCOUSTICS, AND OPTICS.

An appreciation and recommendation of Philosophical Knowledge and Scientific Learning.

"The mind that lies fallow but a single day, sprouts up in follies that are only to be killed by a constant and assiduous culture. It was said of Socrates, that he brought philosophy down from heaven, to inhabit among men; and I shall be ambitious to have it said of me, that I have brought philosophy out of closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and in coffeehouses."-Spectator, Vol. i., No. 10.

"How charming is divine philosophy!

Not harsh and crabbed as dull fools suppose!!”—Milton.

These form

MAN is ennobled by understanding and reason. the first and chief ground of his distinction and his superiority. These exalt him far above all other creatures of the earth. By these he is related with spiritual beings; by these he takes flight to the regions above, and soars to the seat of God. He is neither altogether material, nor altogether spiritual; not like the beasts of the field, attached to the earth; not incapable, like them, of resisting the impression of external things. He can lift his eyes on high and roam in spirit above terrestrial and visible objects: he can investigate himself; distinguish himself from every thing around him, and separate his thoughts from that which thinks within him; can discriminate the past, the present, and the future, in the conceptions of his capacious mind; has an inward and clear consciousness of his existence and his actions; can inquire into the causes and motives of events, investigate their proportion and affinity to each other, view their connections and consequences; and from what he knows and sees, can judge in a thousand cases of what he knows and sees not yet. How comprehensives is his intellect. How far does his reason venture, and how often does it succeed, in his boldest speculations! Who can compute the multitude, the numberless multitude of ideas, judgments, conclusions, remarks and observations which arise, which associate, and interweave themselves in the human mind, during its short