8. Between Egypt and Abyssinia is the ancient Ethiopia, now denominated Nubia, an extensive tract, 600 miles long, and almost as many broad.

9. The greatest part of Nubia is occupied by vast deserts; but Dongola on the north, and Sennaar on the south, are states of some small consequence.

10. The northern Mahomedan states are Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco. Tripoli is Africa Proper, and the Lybia of the ancients: Tunis was formerly the chief seat of Carthaginian power.

11. On the western coast are Sierra Leone; Guinea, divided into the Grain, the Ivory, and the Gold coasts; Benin, Loango, and Congo; Zaara, or the Great Desert, said to be half as large as Europe; and Caffraria, that extends to the Cape of Good Hope.

12. The Cape of Good Hope is the most southerly part of Africa.

13. On the eastern coast of Africa are Natal, Sabia, Sofala, Mocaranga, Mosambico, and Zanguebar, which are succeeded by the desert regions of Ajan and Adel.

14. Madagascar, an island on the east of Africa, is one of the largest islands in the world.

15. On the west is St. Helena, the Cape de Verd and Canary Islands, and Madeira.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

1. How is Africa situated?

2. How is it divided?

3. What is remarkable respecting its waters?

4. Which are the chief mountains?

5. How is Abyssinia divided, and what is the capital?

6. What is the extent, and what are the boundaries of Egypt? 7. How is Egypt divided, and which are its principal cities? 8. How is Nubia situated?

9. With what is Nubia principally occupied ?

10. Which are the northern Mahomedan states?

11. What are the principal places on the western coast?

12. How is the Gape of Good Hope situated?

13. What places are in the eastern coast?

14. How is Madagascar situated?

15. What islands are on the west of Africa?

LESSON THE EIGHTH.

AMERICA.

1. America extends from the 72 degree north latitude, to the 54° south latitude, or almost nine thousand miles in length, and in some parts of North America it is more than four thousand miles in breadth.

2. America is divided into North and South, being separated by the Isthmus of Darian and Panama.

3. North America includes the United States, the Spanish and British dominions, besides those parts that are still left to the native tribes.

4. South America, independently of what remains to the native tribes, is divided among the Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.

5. The inland seas of North America are the Gulfs of Mexico, California, and St. Lawrence, with Hudson's Bay, and Davis's Straits.

6. The lakes, which make one of the grandest features of the world, are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Wennipeg, and the Slave-Lake; and the principal rivers are the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the St. Lawrence.

7. The most celebrated mountains are the Apalachian, passing through the territory of the United States.

8. The United States are divided into the northern, middle, and southern. (1.) The northern include Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

(2.) The middle consists of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the territory on the northwest of the Ohio.

(3.) The southern are Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Georgia, and the country south of Kentucky.

9. The chief cities are Washington, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Baltimore, and Charlestown.

10. The Spanish dominions are East and West Florida and the Mexicos. Louisiana formerly made a part of the

Spanish dominions, but was ceded to the United States for a sum of money.

11. The British dominions include Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the Island of Breton, Newfoundland, and the Bermuda, or SummerIslands.

12. The native tribes possess Greenland, Labrador, and the vast regions about Hudson's Bay, and the country, on the western coast.

13. The West Indies, or West Indian-Islands, are situated between North and South America; of these the most important are Cuba and Porto Rico, Spanish ; St. Domingo, an independent Black empire; and Jamaica, English.

14. The Bahama Islands are situated north of Cuba and St. Domingo. The Caribbees extend from Tobago in the south, to the Virgin Islands in the north.

15. South America has no inland sea; but the rivers Amazon and those of La Plata and Orinoco are the largest in the world.

16. The mountains are the highest on the globe; the Andes extend four thousand miles, some of which are four miles high, and are perpetually covered with snow.

17. South America comprehends Terra Firma, New Grenada, Guiana, Amazonia, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Chili, and Patagonia.

18. Buenos Ayres, Peru, Chili, and New Grenada, belong to Spain; Brazil to the Portuguese; and Guiana partly to the French, and partly to the Dutch; Cayenne consists of a considerable territory on the continent, and of an island of the same name.

19. Amazonia and Patagonia are still possessed by the native tribes, and each is divided into several kingdoms.

20. The islands contiguous to South America are Trinidad, the Falkland Islands, Terra del Fuego, Chiloe, and Juan Fernandez. The Gallipago Islands are near the equator, and the Pearl Islands lie in the Bay of Panama.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

1. Of what extent is America?

2. How is it divided?

3. What does North America include?

4. Among whom is South America divided?
5. Which are the inland seas of North America?

6. Which are the principal lakes and rivers?

7. Which are the most celebrated mountains?

8. How are the United States divided, and what are the northern states?

Which are the middle states?

Which are the southern?

9. Which are the principal cities of the United States?

10. Which are the Spanish dominions?

11. Which are the British dominions?

12. What parts do the native tribes possess?

13. Which are the principal West India Islands, and how are

they situated?

14. How are the Bahama and Caribbee Islands situated?

15. Has South America any islands, seas, or rivers?

16. What is said of the mountains of South America?

17. What does South America comprehend?

18. Under whose government are the several parts of South America?

19. By whom are Amazonia and Patagonia possessed? 20. What islands are contiguous to South America?

LESSON THE NINTH.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

1. The general curvature of the earth's surface is easily observable in the disappearance of distant objects; for on the sea, when there is no obstruction to the sight, the upper parts of a vessel are first seen, and as the eye is more elevated, each part is sooner observed.

2. The earth is found to be of a globular figure, but not a perfect sphere; the diameter between the poles being about thirty-four miles shorter than the diameter at the equator.

3. The earth is divided into zones and into climates:

there are five zones; two frigid, two temperate, and one torrid zone.

4. The torrid zone is limited by the tropics, which are 23 degrees on each side of the equator: the frigid zones are within the polar circles, at 23 degrees from the poles; and the temperate zones are situated between the frigid and torrid zones.

5. The climates are determined by the length of the longest day in different parts of the earth's surface.

6. The natural division of the earth's surface is, as we have seen, into land and water. The lands are more or less elevated above the level of the sea, interspersed with lakes and other collections of water. The Caspian Sea is said to be 300 feet lower than the Ocean.

7. If the surface of the earth were divided into 100 parts, Europe would contain 2, Asia 7, Africa 6, America 6, Australasia 6, and the remaining 73 parts are

water.

8. The general inclinations of the continents are discovered by the course of the rivers, of which the principal, and in the order of their magnitude, are the Amazons, the Senegal, and the Nile, the river St. Lawrence, the Mississippi, the Wolga, the Oby, the Amur, the Orinoco, the Ganges, the Euphrates, the Danube, the Don, the Dnieper, and the Dwina.

9. In length the rivers will range differently, viz. (taking the length of the Thames for 1), the Amazons will be 15; Kian Ku 15; the Hoango 13; the Nile 12; the Lena 11; the Amur 11; the Oby 10; the Jenisci 10; the Ganges, Burrampooter, Ava, and Wolga, each 9; the Euphrates 8; the Mississippi 8; Danube 7; Indus 5; and Rhine 54.

10. The level of a continent may be obtained by tracing a line across it in such a direction as to pass no river: this course indicates a tract of country higher than most of the neighbouring parts.

FIRST EXERCISE.-With respect to the level of the ancient continent.-Beginning at Cape Finisterre, we soon arrive at the Pyrenees, keeping to the south of the