The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian PerspectiveReligiously motivated violence caused by the fusion of state and religion occurred in medieval Tibet and Bhutan and later in imperial Japan, but interfaith conflict also followed colonial incursions in India, Sri Lanka, and Burma. Before that time, there was a general premodern harmony among the resident religions of the latter countries, and only in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries did religiously motivated violence break out. While conflict caused by Hindu fundamentalists has been serious and widespread, a combination of medieval Tibetan Buddhists and modern Sri Lankan, Japanese, and Burmese Buddhists has caused the most violence among the Asian religions. However, the Chinese Taiping Christians have the world record for the number of religious killings by one single sect. A theoretical investigation reveals that specific aspects of the Abrahamic religions—an insistence on the purity of revelation, a deity who intervenes in history, but one who still is primarily transcendent—may be primary causes of religious conflict. Only one factor—a mystical monism not favored in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—was the basis of a distinctively Japanese Buddhist call for individuals to identify totally with the emperor and to wage war on behalf of a divine ruler. The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective uses a methodological heuristic of premodern, modern, and constructive postmodern forms of thought to analyze causes and offer solutions to religious violence. |
Contents
| 1 | |
2 Hindu Nationalism Modernism and Reverse Orientalism | 25 |
3 Premodern Harmony Sri Lankan Buddhist Nationalism and Violence | 45 |
4 Burmese Nationalisms and Religious Violence against Muslims | 67 |
5 Buddhism in Bhutan | 97 |
6 Compassionate Violence inTibetan Buddhism | 129 |
7 Buddhism and Japanese Nationalism | 183 |
8 Sikhism the Seduction of Modernism and the Question of Violence | 201 |
9 Religious Nationalism Violence and Taiping Christianity | 221 |
10 Hypotheses on the Reasons for Religious Violence | 241 |
11 Weak Belief Overcoming the Other and Constructive Postmodernism | 257 |
| 279 | |
| 287 | |
About the Author | 295 |
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Abrahamic religions argued army Aryan Asian Aśoka attack Aung San battle believed Bhutan Bhutanese Bodhisattva British Buddha Buddhist Burma Burmese century chapter Chenrezig Chinese Christian claim Confucian culture current Dalai Lama declared deity demons Dharma Dharmapala divine doctrine Dorjé Shugden emperor empire enemies ethics faith Fifth Dalai Lama forces fundamentalists Gandhi Gelug Gelugpas God’s goddess Guru Gushri Gyatso Hindu nationalists Hinduism Hindutva Hong Hong’s human imperial incarnation Indian Islam Japanese Kālachakra Tantra karma Khan killed king Lama’s Lhasa magic Mahāyāna Mandair militant military modern monasteries Mongols monks moral mosques Mughal Muslim Myint-U Nanak Nichiren Nyingma Padmasambhava Pāli Panchen Lama philosophy political premodern Quoted in ibid reincarnated religiously motivated violence ritual rule sacred Saṅgha scripture sect sectarian Shabdrung Shakabpa Shivaji Sikh Sikhism Singh Sinhalese spiritual Sri Lanka Suu Kyi Taiping Tamil tantric temple theology Tibet Tibetan Buddhism tion tradition troops University Vaiṣṇava worship yogis