military academy where Father Lefebvre was lecturer on history, and which still exists.

1. 14. une finesse souriante, wit tempered by good nature.

1. 18. la juste fortune, the well deserved fortune.

1. 24. Marseille (L. Massilia), founded in B.C. 600 by a colony of Phoceans, one of the most important towns in Southern France, capital of the department of Bouches du Rhône.

1. 29. lâcheté, want of conciseness.

1. 33. les allures d'un homme fait, the ways, the style of a (fullgrown) man.

vous ne donniez point, you did not indulge.

P. 13, 1. 5. le mot et la chose, liter. both the word and the thing (expressed by that word), i. e. things such as they really are.

1. 7. lâché, let fall.

1. 8. ne point faire le vieillard...ni le petit maître, not to ape the old man...or the dandy.

1. 11. pensionnaires, boarders.

The

1. 15. misérables versions. Father Lefebvre is very severe. translation of the Bible by Lemaistre de Sacy (1612—1684) is deficient in simplicity, no doubt, but does not deserve the epithet misérable.

1. 28. Aristarques. The celebrated grammarian Aristarchus, born about 180 B.C., has left his name as the designation of all critics.

P. 14, 1. 6. Le petit almanach de nos grands hommes. This satirical review of the innumerable and often worthless candidates for literary fame was published in 1788 by Rivarol, Antoine, comte de (1753-1801), with the motto: Dis ignotis. The witty editor thus expresses the object he had in view: "il faudrait mettre dans la louange la sobriété que la nature observe dans la production des grands talents."

1. 1o. Néron. Domitius Claudius Nero (A. D. 37-68) is the hero of three French tragedies, besides that of M. Daru: Britannicus, by Racine; Epicharis et Néron, by Legouvé; Une fête de Néron, by Soumet.

1. 12. le récit de la mort d'Agrippine. Agrippina was killed A.D. 59. Suetonius Tranquillus, a celebrated Roman historian, born about A. D. 70. See his life of Claudius, 43, 44.-Cornelius Tacitus (? 54— 134?), one of the greatest of Latin prose writers. See his Annals, XIV. 8.

1. 17. un compromis avec le goût... a tribute paid to the taste...

1. 21. notre célèbre chansonnier-Pierre Jean de Béranger (17801857). "Bien loin de se livrer aux hasards de l'imagination... Béranger fait de ses chansons de véritables compositions." (Vinet.)

1. 23. ondoyer, to baptize privately.

1. 24. qui ne feront jamais (le sujet d') un article... which will never supply the materials for a notice.

1. 31. Minerve...Pallas. Athênê considered first as the goddess of literature and art, and, secondly, as the goddess of war.

1. 33. Neuilly, a village near Paris, on the banks of the Seine.

P. 15, 1. 7. l'Année littéraire, a well known literary review, founded by Fréron, Élie Catherine (1719-1771), and continued after his death by Geoffroy, Julien Louis (1743-1814).

1. 10.

lettre motivée, a letter in which the grounds of his objections were stated.

1. 15. modtler la forme, to mould into an appropriate shape the expression itself.

1. 17. un style sautillant, an abrupt style. Voltaire has called the author of l'Esprit des lois "le sautillant Montesquieu."

1. 21.

comme dit Manius...cf. Horace:

...Egomet mî ignosco, Mænius inquit. (Satir. 1. 3.)

1. 27. Jean François Collin d'Harleville (1755-1806) has composed several pretty comedies. Les Châteaux en Espagne (1789), Le Vieux Célibataire (1792).

1. 30. qui en dit beaucoup qui dit beaucoup de choses, which is very expressive.

P. 16, 1. 4. qu'il n'en a surmonté=qu'il n'a surmonté d'elles; surmonté invariable here because it governs a genitive, not an accusative. 1. 6. il a coupé, retourné...he has subdivided, thrown into a new order...

=

1. 18. de ne pas s'en tenir de ne pas se tenir quant à cela, not to be satisfied with.

1. 19. la fleur, the surface. Hence effleurer, to skim.

1. 24.

1. 28.

un fond, a substratum.

en connaissance de cause, intelligently.

P. 17, 1. 6. l'ordonnateur, chief accountant. "Celui qui ordonnance les dépenses d'une armée. ” (Littré.)

1. 10. 1. 13.

bonne élocution, that neatness of speech.

d'une descente des Anglais. War was declared against England by the Revolutionary government on the 1st of Feb. 1793.

1. 15. Claude Fetiet (1749-1808) became a senator under the Empire.

1. 21. Rennes (L. Condate, Redona) formerly the capital of the province of Brittany, now chief town of the department of Ile et Vilaine. 1. 23. dirigé sur Orléans, sent on to Orléans (L. Aurelianum, Genabum), chief town of the department of Loiret.

la chute de Robespierre. Maximilien Marie Isidore de Robespierre, b. at Arras in 1758, died on the scaffold in Paris, July 28th, 1794 (Thermidor 10, year II.)

P. 18, 1. 1. assignat. The assignats were created by decree dated December 19th, 1789, and constituted a kind of paper currency, the amount of which was assigned on the property of the crown and of the church. 1. 3. ignare, grossly ignorant; is a much stronger expression than ignorant.

1. 7. faisant l'Argus, acting the part of an Argus.

1. 12. le mouvement, life.

1. 15. qui eussent tranché, which would have contrasted.

P. 19, 1. 2. relief d'expression, boldness of expression.

1.5. André Marie de Chénier (1762—1794), a celebrated French poet. His works were published for the first time in 1819. The wellknown elegy La jeune captive was inspired to Chénier by Aimée de Coigny, duchess de Fleury (1776-1820), his companion in captivity during the reign of Terror.

1. 26.

En l'an IV. Petiet was minister of war from Feb., 1796 to July, 1797.

1. 28. chef de division, head of a branch in the war office.

1. 29. le général Bonaparte (1769-1821). The campaign of 1796 was one of the finest epochs in Napoleon's career. Battle of Montenotte (April 11-12), Millesimo (April 14—15), Mondovi (April 22), Lodi (May 2), Lonato (August 3), Castiglione (August 5), Roveredo (September 3-4), Arcole (November 15-17). These brilliant victories led to the treaty of Campo-Formio (October 17, 1797).

P. 20, 1. 1. Au milieu des scandales trop célèbres... The Directoire, established as the government of the French Republic by virtue of the

Constitution of the year III. (August, 1795), lasted from October 8, 1795 (6 Brumaire III.) till the coup d'état of Brumaire 18, VIII. (November 9, 1799). "Cette époque," says M. Bouillet, “fut signalée par la corruption des mœurs et par un agiotage effréné."

1. 10. dont il contrariait les désordres, whose peculations he thwarted. "Qui dit ces opulences bâties sur des guêtres à couvrir à peine la jambe d'un petit enfant, bâties sur ces chemises écourtillées dont les grenadiers parviennent à se faire des bonnets de nuit, bâties sur ces semelles de souliers en carton, bâties sur le fourrage en roseaux de marécage, bâties sur les chevaux affamés, sur les pieds ensanglantés, sur les membres perclus, sur les rhumatismes, sur les jeûnes, sur l'amaigrissement, sur les maladies, sur le martyre des armées de la France.” (E. and J. de Goncourt, Histoire de la Société Française pendant le Directoire, pp. 396, 397.) M. Michaud (Biographie Universelle) says: "On conçoit que de pareils succès, à une telle époque, durent vivement exciter l'envie, et susciter au nouveau ministre de nombreuses inimitiés.”

1. 15. André Masséna, Duke de Rivoli (1758-1817) celebrated for his defence of Genoa besieged by the Austrians in June, 1800. 1. 16. en Helvétie, in 1799.

1. 20. guerre pénible de Suisse. "Cette campagne, qu'il termina d'une manière si brillante, prouva que Masséna possédait tous les talents d'un général en chef." (Beauchamp.)

1. 24. le personnel, the body, the staff. "Masséna se plaignait de n'avoir ni les magasins, ni les moyens de transport indispensables pour faire vivre son armée dans des pays stériles et d'un accès extrêmement difficile."

P. 21, 1. 19. Rastadt. The three French plenipotentiaries, Jean Debry, Roberjot and Bonnier were murdered on the 28th of April, 1799, at Rastadt, a small town of western Germany, in Baden.

d'indignation, from a sense of indignation; de has here the force of the Latin preposition de.

1. 20. Marie-Joseph Chénier (1764-1811), brother of André; see above. Besides several tragedies, he composed a number of lyrics suggested by the events of the Revolution. The ode entitled Le Chant du Départ is the best known.

1. 22. Nicolas Louis François de Neufchâteau (1750-1828) was successively a member of the Legislative assembly, minister of the Interior, and senator and count under the Empire.

1. 23. au Conservatoire. The Conservatoire de musique et de déclama

tion was established in November, 1793, under the title of Institut National de Musique.

1. 25. combat de Saint-Gothard (August, 1798). Battle of Zurich (Aug. 26, 1799), Zurich (L. Turicum, Tigurum, Duregum), a town and canton in Switzerland. Masséna's victory there gained over the AustroRussian army prevented France from being invaded on that side.

P. 22, 1. 2. du Vatican ou de Florence. The Apollo Belvedere, the work of the Ephesian sculptor Agasias, was purchased by Pope Julius II. and is now in the Belvedere of the Vatican, at Rome. The Venus de Medici, by Cleomenes of Athens, is now at Florence whither it was conveyed about the year 1680. The Diana mentioned a little further on forms likewise part of the Vatican treasures. All these works of art, sent over to France by virtue of the treaty of Tolentino (1797) were returned in 1815 to the several museums and collections of which they originally formed a part.

1. II. les événements du 18 Brumaire; see above, note to p. 20, 1. I. The coup d'état of Brumaire led to the establishment of the consulate. 1. 14. Auguste François Creuzé de Lesser (1771-1839), a writer of second-rate merit. Held several political situations under the Empire and the Restoration.

Pierre Yves Barré (1749—1832). Founded (1792) the theatre of the Vaudeville and composed a great number of light plays.

Jean François Théodore Goulard, died about the year 1830, leaving some reputation as an author of Vaudevilles.

1. 16. Anne, better known as Ninon de Lenclos (1615-1705), a Parisian lady celebrated for her wit, her beauty and her conversational powers.

1. 17. avait pris les devants, which had had the start.

1. 18.

Théâtre des Troubadours, a small theatre in Paris.

1. 20. de front, simultaneously.

1. 22. le Premier Consul; Napoleon was named first consul for ten years on the 18th of Brumaire (see above), and consul for life in 1802.

1. 30. la campagne de Marengo. The battle of Marengo was fought on the 14th of June, 1800, Bonaparte defeating the Austrian troops commanded by general Melas.

1. 32. la Convention. It was signed at Alessandria (a city in Northern Italy built on the river Tanaro) the day after the battle of Marengo, between the Austrian and the French governments; its im