Paul III. 66 EDWARD VI. wardly laid aside the Romish liturgy, but many contrived Cranmer. virtually to retain it; so that it was found necessary to issue further injunctions "that no minister do counterfeit the popish mass;" that attitudes, gesticulations, praying upon beads, &c., be laid aside; that the ministers use no other ceremonies than are appointed in the King's Book of Common Prayer, or kneel otherwise than as in the said book." The Lady Mary, too, forbade the introduction of the Prayer-book into her establishment, and continued the use of the old Latin mass, alleging that during the king's minority no alteration could legally be made in the arrangements left by her father. About this time England was convulsed by turbulence among the peasantry, especially in the west. The age of the Reformation was A.D. 1549. one of great change in the social condition and habits of the people, in consequence of the multiplication of small freeholds by Henry VII.'s law of entail, and the abridgement of common-rights. Designing Romanists successfully connected this curtailment of civil privileges with recent ritualistic changes. Hence arose a clamour for the restoration of the Latin service, the suppression of the English Bible, and the retention of religious ceremonials until the majority of the king. The disaffected were quelled by decisive military proceedings; but it was evident that they looked up to leaders in high station in the Church. Bonner, the focus of ecclesiastical discontent, was imprisoned the more cautious Gardiner was deprived; and *See note, par. 59. were issued respecting it? Give an account of the disturbance amongst the peasantry that arose at this time, and of certain heterodox opinions imported from Germany. What part did Cranmer take in the martyrdom of Joan of Kent ? Paul III. Tonstall, Bishop of Durham, Day, Bishop of Chichester, EDWARD VI. and Heath, Bishop of Worcester, completed the list of Cranmer. confessors in the cause of anti-reformation. Heterodox opinions of an opposite character were introduced this year by certain persons from Germany, who denied infant baptism and the personal deity of the Saviour and the Holy Spirit; advocated community of goods, polygamy, and divorce; rejected oaths and magistracy; and professed other dangerous opinions, for which the Reformation was held responsible by its enemies. But its friends rebutted this charge by the questionable course of persecuting the holders of the above opinions; and Joan Bocher, or Joan of Kent, and a Dutchman named George Van Parre, were consigned to the flames on a charge of heresy. It has been said that Cranmer was answerable for the cruelty practised against Joan of Kent, for that it was he who prevailed upon the reluctant king to sign a writ for her execution, which was rendered necessary by the repeal or modification of the law for burning heretics. But it would appear that the writ was in fact issued from Chancery upon a warrant from the council, ordered at a time when Cranmer was absent. The New 61. The Protector's disgrace and fall interposed no check to the progress of the Reformation, although the Romish party hoped much from the appointment of the Earl of Warwick and Lord Southampton (the former a man of no religion, and the latter a Romanist,) to succeed him in the government. The king continued to take a deep interest in the Reform 61. State some particulars concerning the new form of ordination put forth in the reign of Edward VI. What bishop refused his assent to it, and what was the consequence of his refusal ? EDWARD VI. A.D. 1550. ation, and in the year 1550 a law was passed for the appointment of a commission to revise the ecclesiastical laws. About the same time six bishops and six other divines were empowered to prepare a new form of ordination, in harmony with the principles upon which the liturgy had been reconstructed. The new ordinal, while it expunged minor grades, distinctly recognised the three orders of bishops, priests, and deacons, as having subsisted from Apostolic times. Imposition of hands was retained; but a number of rites, as the anointing, the giving of sacred vessels, and various minutiæ of no very great antiquity, were discarded, and replaced by the delivery of a Bible. Heath, Bishop of Worcester, refused his assent to the alterations, and was consequently sent to prison, so ill understood in those days were the principles of toleration. Sacerdotal 62. The introduction of the new office was rendered memorable by the manifestation of a schismatical spirit on the part of Hooper, who was advanced to the see of Gloucester. Having fled from the operation of the "Six Articles," he resided for some years among the foreign Protestants of Germany and Switzerland, and in controversies concerning the use of things indifferent took the side of the more rigorous casuists. He entertained an invincible repugnance to sacerdotal vestments, identified, in his opinion, with exploded superstitions, and positively refused to wear the episcopal dress, which still continued to be of scarlet, as having been invented with the object of 62. By what was the introduction of the ordination office in the reign of Edward VI. rendered memorable? Give a short account of Hooper. Cranmer. Paul III. investing the celebration of mass with a character of mag- EDWARD VI. nificence far from accordant with the restored simplicity of worship. Cranmer and Ridley, as well as Bucer and Martyr, tried in vain to induce Hooper to forego, for the sake of unity and peace, his determination to dispense with the customary habits at his consecration. He continued inflexible, and it was not till after an imprisonment in the Fleet that a compromise was effected, Hooper stipulating that he should wear the disliked habits only on important public occasions. In the same year Hooper was probably instrumental in procuring the removal of A.D. 1550. altars, and the substitution of tables. In preaching before the Court, he said, "it would be well to change altars into tables, according to Christ's first institution; for, so long as altars remain, both ignorant people, and ignorant or ill-disposed priests, will ever be dreaming of sacrifice." The word "altar " had been retained in the revised liturgy; and as its meeting was doubtful, it was resolved according to the feelings of parties with regard to transubstantiation and the mass. Thus Ridley ordered the removal of altars in his diocese of London, while Day enforced their preservation in that of Chichester. An order in council put an end to this disagreement, by directing that altars should be removed, and a table set up instead in some convenient part of the chancel. The Eucharistic 63. The doctrine of transubstantiation teaches that the words of Eucharistic consecration having been pronounced by Against what was his opposition principally directed? What was his opinion upon the subject of altars? altars? What order in council was issued with regard to 63. State the doctrine of transubstantiation. Cranmer. EDWARD VI. a priest duly ordained, and intending to produce the effect anticipated, the sensible qualities only of bread and wine remain, their substances being changed into those of Christ's natural body and blood. Romish ecclesiastics, therefore, claim the power of presenting at all times to the senses of their congregation an incarnation of the Deity.* This dogma, unsupported by Scripture and tradition, is of comparatively modern origin, for we have proof that it was opposed to the Church's teaching in the ninth century. In the early part of that century attention was attracted to the subject by a work offered to the world by Paschasius Radbertus, abbot of Corbey, in Picardy, who maintained a doctrine almost identical with that of the Church of Rome at the present day. Charles the Bald thereupon applied to Ratram, or Bertram, a monk of the same abbey of Corbey, who as a divine had attained the highest reputation, for an elucidation of the doctrine under dispute. In obedience to this application, Ratram composed a small work, De Corpore et Sanguine Domini, still extant, which shows incontrovertibly that in the ninth century an eminent and honoured member of the Romish communion inculcated, without exciting suspicion, opinions utterly irreconcileable with modern popery. But * It is also held by Romanists | that the celebration of mass, that is, the reception of the Lord's Supper by the priest alone, while the congregation look on in silent adoration, benefits the absent as well as the present, that it is, in fact, a sacrifice of Christ's body offered for the quick and the dead. Hence, priests are hired by legacies or otherwise to receive the Sacrament, in the belief that their doing so will benefit the souls of their hirers. *[Note.] Upon what ground are priests of the Roman Church hired to receive the Sacrament ? Give an account of Ratram's book on transubstantiation. Show that the doctrine of transubstantiation is of modern origin. At |