J hf water insufficient. The church, formerly collegiate, as a spacious cruciform structure, in the decorated English style, with an elegant square embattled tower, 35 ft. high, rising from the centre upon pointed arches, upported by clustered pillars. The chapter-house, uilt in the middle of the 14th century, is of octagonal hape, resembling the chapter-house at York, but of nuch less extent. The delicacy, richness, and symnetry of its architecture are equalled by few specinens of the kind in the country, except Melrose Abbey, n Scotland. (Hutchinson's Hist. of Durham, iii. 466.) On the S. side of the church are the remains of an ancient palace, formerly used as a summer residence by the bishops of Durham, especially the celebrated Hugh de Pudsey, who died here in 1195. The ruins consist of a centre, front, and W. wing, with some detached parts, used as granaries. The site of this palace is held on lease from the see of Durham, and the venerable ruins, patched up with modern building, are now converted into a farm-house. Besides the church there are three places of worship for dissenters. A grammar-school has for many years been kept in a building contiguous to the church by the successive I curates of Howden; but it has never been endowed, and furnishes no gratuitous education, except to 12 children, whose instruction in English is provided for by an ina come of 241. yearly, arising from a bequest made in 1803. (Charity Comm. Rep. part ii. 763.) The national school is supported by subscription, and gives instruction to 300 children of both sexes. Numerous other charities en and benefactions exist for the relief of the poor of the par. and township. Market on Saturday. A great horsein fair, the largest in the E. riding, is held here on Sept. 25., and six following days: besides this, there are fairs on every alternate Tuesday for horses and cattle. Howden is one of the polling-places appointed in the Reform Act for the election of members for the E. riding. tal and the rules of the market make all the business be completed half an hour after noon. The removal of goods is allowed after 3 P. M. The light of the building is wholly admitted from within, a contrivance intended to secure it the better both from fire and depredation. Among the other public buildings may be mentioned the Philosophical Hall, a Grecian structure very lately erected by a thriving mechanics' institute founded in 1825 : it is well adapted for lectures, and other useful pur poses to which it is devoted. The Huddersfield and Agbrigg infirmary is an elegant stone edifice with wings, having a portico supported by four fluted Doric columns. A dispensary assists the infirmary in giving medical relief to the poor of the town. About 4 m. from the town, on the Sheffield road, is a sulphureous spa, over which have been built spacious and beautiful rooms fitted up with every convenience for bathers. The educational and religious institutions of Huddersfield are as follow:a church-collegiate school, intended to supply the want of a regular grammar-school; a college furnishing a good general education, open to all sects; a national and infant school, instructing together about 500 chil. dren; and a British and foreign school: but it is the general opinion that the means of education are still deficient. The Bible Society and Missionary Associations hold the highest stations amongst the purely religious establishments of the town. This facility of intercourse will be vastly increased, when, by the completion of the Leeds and Manchester railway, a rapid communication shall have been established between the ports of Hull, Liverpool, and the intermediate towns. "Huddersfield carries on a very flourishing trade both in cotton and woollen goods, particularly the latter: every factory seems to have full employment, and every thing about the town bears the appearance of opulence." (Bound. Rep.) The following table gives an account of the number of mills and people employed in them in 1839: (Factory Returns, p. 278.) Huddersfield is one of the principal seats of the woollen manufacture. It owes its importance in this respect partly to nature and partly to art. It stands in the midst of a rich coal-field, and there is an ample supply of water for mills from the neighbouring rivers. The means of cheap and convenient transit for its products, and the raw materials of its industry, have also been provided. Sir J. Ramsden, on whose estate the town is built, obtained, in 1774, an act for making a canal to connect this town with the Calder. It commences at King's mill, close HUDDERSFIELD, an important manufacturing to Huddersfield, and running N. E. for 34 m., joins the town, parl. bor., and par. of England, W. Riding co. Calder navigation at Cooper's bridge, from which point York, wap. Agbrigg, on the Colne, a tributary of the there is a communication with the Humber astuary. The . Calder, 162 m. N. by W. London, and 15 m. S. W. Leeds. connection with the towns and ports of Lancashire is The par., which lies chiefly in this river-valley, ex- effected by means of the Huddersfield canal, completed in tends nearly 12 m. N. of the town, and includes 7 town- 1806: it takes a S. W. direction past Slaithwaite to Marsships, with an area of 15,080 acres, and a pop., in 1831, of den, where, at a summit level of 656 ft. above the sea (the 31,041, being an increase of 109 per cent. since the census | highest canal level in England), it enters a tunnel 5,450 of 1801, when the pop. was 14,848. At present (1840) the yards long, cut through Standedge hill, and thence runs pop. of the par. is supposed to be about 40,000. The town down the vale of Diggle in Saddleworth, and past Stayship of Huddersfield, which is co-extensive with the parl. ley bridge to its junction with the Ashton and Oldham bor., extends over 3,950 acres ; and had, in 1831, a pop. of canal. Its entire length is 19 m., and it cost 300,000. 19,035, which, when compared with that of 1801 (7,268), | (Priestley's Canals, pp. 371. 567.) exhibits an increase of 162 per cent. in thirty years 1 The present town has little appearance of antiquity, and appears to be wholly the result of manufacturing industry. It is situated on the slope and summit of an eminence rising from the Colne, and is surrounded by other hills of greater height: the streets are regular, well paved, and lighted with gas; and the best houses, which are numerous, built of a light-coloured stone. The market-place is spacious, and surrounded by handsome buildings. The town is well supplied with water from reservoirs about 4 m. W., in the township of Golcar. The chief ornaments of Huddersfield are its churches, clothhall, and other public buildings. The par. church, built in the reign of Henry VIII., was taken down in 1834, and rebuilt by public subscription, at the cost of 8,9527., including 5001. expended on a very handsome painted east window: this is at once an elegant and a commodious structure, and does credit alike to the taste and liberality of the town's people. The vicarage is in the gift of the Ramsden family; the average income about 4001. a year. There are 7 churches in the par., of which the vicar has the patronage. Trinity Church, built and endowed at private expense, and opened in 1819, is in the pointed Gothic style, and has an embattled tower at the W. end; it holds conveniently 1,500. Its situation, on an eminence N.W. of the town, renders it a striking object from any point overlooking Huddersfield. St. Paul's Church, erected in 1831, and fitted to accommodate 1,250 persons, is a good modern imitation of the early English style: it may be distinguished by its tower surmounted by a light spire. This, and another church at the Paddock, have been built by funds provided by the parl. commissioners. There are 7 places of worship for dissenters, the most ornamental of which belongs to the Rom. Cath. The most capacious, however, is one of two belonging to the Wesleyan Methodists: it is the largest ever built by that sect, and will hold 2,400 persons. Sunday-schools are attached to all the churches and chapels. Among the secular buildings the chief is the cloth-hall, erected in 1765 by Sir John Ramsden, and enlarged by his son in 1780. It is a circular edifice two stories high, bisected, as respects its lower story, by an arcade, on one side of which are separate compartments or warehouses, let out to the larger manufacturers; on the other, an open space taken up by stalls held by the country weavers, and subdivided by passages between the rows of stalls. The attendance on a market-day (Tuesday) averages 600 traders, Description. Power. No. Water Steam Hands employed. Horses. | Woollen mills 100 20 31 846 2,881 3 2 41 263 Besides the factory work-people there are many others employed in hand-loom weaving, warping. winding, &c. and in making mill machinery. The entire working pop. is estimated at above 7,000. The goods manufac tured in this par. are narrow and broad cloths of superfine and inferior qualities, kerseymeres, flushings, and corded cloths of all descriptions. Cloths of wool and cotton mixed, especially fancy articles, are an increasing object of industry, and large quantities are now sent to the foreign markets. Valencias and twills for waistcoats, of stuff and silk, are also much made, and highly prized for superior texture and elegance of pattern. In the last few years shawl-making and merino-weaving from British wool have been introduced with advantage. The Reform Act conferred on Huddersfield, for the first time, the privilege of sending 1 mem. to the H. of C. Registered voters, in 1838-39, 826. Petty sessions are held here every week; and there are two courts, for the recovery of debts under 152., one for the honor of Pontefract, and the other by a recent local act for the parish, along with certain adjoining parishes. The cloth-market is held on Tuesday, which is always a day of intense bustle. Fairs for cattle, &c., March 31. May 4. Oct. 1. Huddersfield is said by Dr. Whitaker (Hist. of Leeds, p. 347.), to be identical with the Oderfelt of Domesday Book, and to have been at that time "a mere wast The parish, according to the same authority, was, like Halifax," separated from Dewsbury, and erected into an independent parish, by the influence of one of the earlier Lacys, to whose piety and munificence this neighbourhood has been greatly indebted, as the founders of its parish churches." The manor of Huddersfield, which originally belonged to the earls of Halifax, came into the possession of the Burton family, who sold it in the 16th of Eliz. to Sir Gilbert Gerard. How soon the Ramsden family, its present possessors, acquired it, is uncertain; but one of them applied, as lord of the manor, during the reign of Charles II., for the privilege of holding a market in the small town of Huddersfield: from this time forward it has been a market-town. It is indeed indebted to the Ramsden family for many privileges, which have greatly contributed to raise it to its present importance. (Parl. Papers; Baines's Gaz. of Yorkshire; Whitaker's Hist. of Leeds. Private Information.) middle of its course, during the 19 years from 3× 1836 inclusive, its navigation was at an average char frost for about 90 days annually. The banks of this river are almost everywhere an and lofty. The chief towns on it are New York. Ame Newbury, Hudson, and Catskill It is connected VE the basin of the St. Lawrence by the Champn and c Erie canals. (Gordon's New York Gazetteer, pp. x-3. Darby's View of the U.States, pp. 134–141.; Jara Almanack, 1838.) HUE', or HUE'-FO, the cap. city of the m Anam, on the river of same name, about 10 .2 Chinese Sea: lat. 160 19 N., long. 179 17 E. P uncertain. This remarkable city, which has probat vs parallel in the East, was fortified early in the pr century, in the European style, and, it is said, on a model of Strasbourg. The work was undertaken, be te king of Cochin China, and was carried on under tirs HUDSON, a town or city and port of entry of the structions of some French officers previously in te U. States, New York, co. Columbia, of which it is the vice. "The new city is completely insulated, hover cap., built chiefly on a rocky promontory on the Hudson river on two sides of it, and a spacious canal of fun a River, 90 m. N. by E. New York. Pop. (1835), 5,531. It to 40 yards broad on the other two. The cinem is regularly laid out; the streets are spacious, and cross of the walls is upwards of 5 m. The form of the to each other at right angles: Warren Street, the principal, fication is nearly an equilateral quadrangle, each a is upwards of a mile in length. Opposite the river is a measuring 1,180 toises. The fortress has a regular ar handsome promenade, and on either side the promontory beautiful glacis, extending from the river or cane forming the site of the town is a spacious bay, with depth ditch, a covert way all round, and a ditch which enough for vessels of any burden, and on which some yards broad, with from 4 to 5 feet water in it all the u quays, docks, &c. have been constructed. Here is a new and The rampart is built of hard earth, cased on the s handsome court-house, comprising also a gaol and other with bricks. Each angle is flanked by 4 bashes a offices. Hudson has several places for public worship, a tended to mount 36 guns apiece. To each face them an Lancastrian and several superior private schools, a private also 4 arched gateways of solid masonry, to whit lunatic asylum, a bank with a capital of 150,000 dollars, approach across the ditch is by handsome arched se many good hotels, several printing establishments, and bridges. The area inside is laid out into regar a stores of various kinds. It is a place of considerable spacious streets, at right angles to each other. An trade, but is a port of delivery only, dependent upon the some and broad canal forms a communication betw port of New York. Twelve ships, of the aggregate burden the river and the fortress, and within is distribers of 4,000 tons, were owned in Hudson in 1836, 11 of which | various branches, so as to communicate with the pas were engaged in the whale fishery. There are manufac-arsenal, granaries, and other public edifices. By ta tures of cotton and woollen fabrics, with establishments channel the taxes and tributes are brought fra for calico printing and bleaching. It was founded in provinces, and conducted at once to the very doors of 2 1784, and incorporated under a mayor, recorder, and palace or magazines. In the whole of this exterese aldermen, in the succeeding year. (New York Gazetteer; tification, there is scarcely any thing slovenly, barbune. American Almanack.) or incomplete in design. The banks of the river and the forming the base of the glacis, are not only re sloped down every where, but wherever the wet a completed, they are cased from the foundation wi11 face of solid masonry. The canal within the walk at ecuted in the same perfect manner; and the bra which are thrown over it have not only neat stone lustrades, but are paved all over with marble trag from Tonquin." ( (Crawfurd's Embassy to Siam, be 384-386.) The palace is situated within a strong an citadel, consisting of two distinct walls or ramparts. The barracks surround the whole of the outer part of the citadel, and in 1821 would have done no discredit to the best military estab. in Europe. From 12,000 to 13 troops were then constantly stationed in the cap. Te arsenal contains a vast number of cannon, shot, strid &c., all manufactured in the country. The pabir şə naries are also of enormous extent, and kept fall of or The fortress of Hué, from its immense size, which is greatest fault, would require at least 50,000 troops 10 garrison it, in case of an attack from Europeans: Asiatic enemies it is impregnable. There are some bu ing-docks on the river, and a large fleet of galleys is on ally stationed at Hué. The river is not above 400 yards wide at its entrance, but within is little inferior in treats to the rivers of Saigon, or Bankok: owing to a bar its mouth, however, it is fitted only for ships of ensl draught. Its entrance is completely commanded by a stone quadrangular fort, built in the European style. Ia banks are well raised, and in some places extremely turesque. The neighbourhood of the cap, is every wher in a high state of cultivation, with rice, mulberry troen cotton, fruit, &c., and thickly interspersed with village Mr. Crawfurd remarks, that Hué is probably the only c in India, in the vicinity of which there are good roans bridges, and canals. About 10 leagues N. is the rush mausoleum, surrounded by magnificent grounds, land o by a late king of Cochin China. (Crawfurd's Embary i. 368-400.; White's Voyage, &c.; Finlayson; Rate Asien Erdkunde, iii. 1006–1012.) HUDSON'S BAY, a large bay or inland sea of N. America, extending between 510 and 64° N. lat., and 780 and 95° W. long., and surrounded on all sides by the partially explored British territories N. of Canada. Its length, N. to S., is about 800 m.; greatest breadth, esti mated at 600 m.; area, probably near 300,000 sq. m. Its S. extremity is called James's Bay. It communicates with the Atlantic by Hudson's Straits, a sea about 500 in. in length, and generally upwards of 100 m. in breadth. Hudson's Bay is navigable for only a few months in the year, being at other times frozen over or obstructed by drift ice. It is full of sand-banks, reefs, and islands, and inhabited by few fish. Its shores are rocky and bar. ren. On its W. coast are several settlements of the Hudson's Bay Company, which monopolises nearly all the fur trade of British N. America. This company was incorporated by a charter from Charles II., in 1669. In 1837, the numbers of the principal furs, &c. imported and exposed for sale by the company were,-beaver skins, 82,927; marten do., 156,168; fox do., about 25,000; musquash do., 838,550; lynx do., 31,887; mink do., 27,570: quantities generally much above those of the years immediately preceding. The company in the same year imported 1,259,000 goose and swan quills, 461 lbs. seahorse teeth, besides castor, isinglass, and other articles. HUDSON RIVER, the principal river of the state of New York, U. States, through the E. part of which it flows, generally in a S. direction, from near lat. 44° N. to its mouth in the Atlantic, below New York city, about lat. 400 40 N. Throughout the greater part of its course (that is, from where it passes over a ledge of primitive rock, and forms what are called Glenn's Falls, in lat. about 43° 15′) it runs through a very remarkable depression or valley. This valley extends from the Atlantic to the St. Lawrence, having in its N. part the Lake Champlain with its outlet the Richelieu river, and, though enclosed by lofty mountain ranges on either side, the highest level of its surface is only 147 ft. above the level of the tides in the Hudson. The total length of Hudson River is about 280 m., 120 of which, or up to 5 m. beyond the town of Hudson, are navigable for the largest ships. Sloops pass as far up as Troy, 150 m. from the sea, to which distance the influence of the tide is felt, and thence through a lock to Waterford, a few miles further. Near the head of the tide the mean breadth of the Hudson does not reach a mile; but in the lower part of its course it is much wider, and below New York it expands into a spacious basin 4 m. broad, which forms the harbour of that city. Its only tributary worthy of notice is the Mohawk, which joins it from the W. Owing ts small rate of descent, the current of the Hudson de is slow; and, except in the season of floods, it rather like an inland bay. At Albany, about the HUESCA (an. Osca), a town of Spain, prov. Arag cap. partido same name, and a bishop's see, 35 m. N.E Saragossa, and 135 m. W. by N. Barcelona. Pop, cording to Miñano, 9,200. It stands on a slope close to the Isuela, a tributary of the Cincas, is surrounded walls now falling into decay, and contains many respect. able houses. The chief public buildings are a cathedral. 4 par. churches, 15 convents, a foundling hospital, ca valry barracks, 2 schools, and a university; the latter entitled Sertoriana, comprising 4 colleges, was found in 1354, by Peter IV. of Aragon, and further endow by subsequent monarchs; but the endowment, as it most Spanish universities, is wretchedly small, and the ed cation is of a very inferior description. The industry a the town is confined to tanning and the weaving of coarse inens; but the neighbourhood abounds in grain, wine, and other fruits, and large flocks of sheep graze on the surrounding hills. An annual fair is held here, and much frequented. The town was originally founded by Quintus Sertorius, anno 77 B. C., and was known in the time of Augustus as urbs victrix Osca. It subsequently fell into the hands of the Moors, from whom it was taken by Peter I. of Aragon, after the battle of Alcoraz, in 1096. (Miñano; Dict. Géog.) HULL (KINGSTON ON), a large and important commercial town, river-port, mun. and parl. bor. of England, and co. of itself, locally situated in co. York, E. riding, Harthill wap., on the N. bank of the Humber æstuary, 22 m. from the Spurn-head, 34 m. S.E. York, and 155 m. N. London. Lat. 53° 45′ N., long. 0° 20′ W. Pop. of parl. bor., (which includes, besides the town pars., those of Sculcoates and Drypool, and a portion of the par. of Sutton,) 49,727 in 1831. The co. includes also the pars. of Ella, Hessel and N. Ferriby, with a pop. of 2,969 persons, chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits. The town, which stands close to the confluence of the navigable river Hull with the Humber, has been greatly enlarged and improved during the last half century. It is well paved and lighted with gas: the principal streets extend nearly 2 m. along the Humber, and about the same distance along the W. bank of the Hull; and from these others branch off, crossing each other in different directions, and covering an extensive area. Almost the whole town is built with brick: the older streets are inconveniently narrow; but many recently laid out are wide and regular, containing handsome residences. The public buildings are numerous, but, generally speaking, not re#markable for beauty: the principal, besides the churches, are the Mansion-house (in which is the court-house and [ and court of requests), the guildhall, exchange, cornexchange, custom and excise offices, the Trinity-house, the gaol (built at an expense of 22,000.), the theatre, and the citadel, a regularly garrisoned fort on the E. side of the river Hull, which is here crossed by a stone drawbridge of 3 arches. A good market-house was built some years ago, and in the market-place is an equestrian statue of William III. The town has also a handsome Doric column, surmounted by a colossal statue of Wilberforce, the great advocate for the abolition of slavery. Within the parl. bor. are 8 churches, among which that of the Holy Trinity, in the market-place, begun in the 14th century, is remarkable as one of the best specimens in England of the Gothic style, at different periods. It is a cruciform, cathedral-like building, from the centre of which rises a highly ornamented embattled tower with pinnacles, 140 ft. in height. The interior is 280 ft. long, and 72 ft. broad. St. Mary's, in Lowgate, was originally built at nearly the same time as that last mentioned, but having been partly destroyed by Henry VIII., it was afterwards restored at different periods, and with little taste in the architecture. There are also 20 places of worship for Dissenters, a Jews' synagogue, and a floating chapel for the use of Dissenters; to all of these large Sunday schools are attached, which furnish instruction to upwards of 7,000 children. The principal schools are, the Grammar School, founded by Bishop Alcock, in 1486, and chartered by Queen Elizabeth, in which the instruc tion is general as well as classical, the Vicar's School, established in 1734 for 60 boys; Cogan's charity school, endowed with 4007. a year for the maintenance and instruction of 40 girls; the nautical school for 36 boys, attached to the Trinity House; 3 national schools, attended in 1834 by about 1,100 children; and 2 Lancastrian schools, with 750 children. The means of procuring a sound education have been greatly increased of late years, by the establishment of 2 colleges which furnish instruction in classics, history, natural science, &c., on a plan similar to that pursued at the University and King's Colleges, London. Among the numerous endowed charities of the town, the oldest is the Trinity House, founded in 1369, for the support of decayed seamen and their widows, and chartered by Henry VIII. The present building, erected in 1753, consists of 4 sides enclosing a square: the E. front is an elevation of the Tuscan order, and the interior comprises 2 large and well-proportioned councilchambers, besides offices and apartments for 32 pensioners. A school within the building gives a useful nautical education to the sons of seamen intended for the merchant-service. The Charterhouse Hospital (originally endowed in 1380 for poor monks) was re-established in 1640, and devoted to the maintenance of poor pensioners. The revenues are stated by the Charity Commissioners (Analyt. Digest) to average 1,500l. a year; and there is accommodation for 60 persons, besides a chaplain. Six other endowed hospitals or almshouses give relief to about 70 persons. The Charityhall is a kind of poor-house, established by an act obtained in 9 and 10 William III.: it was built by subscription, and is now maintained by the poor-rates raised within the bor. The Infirmary, a brick building ornamented with stone, was erected in 1782; it accom. modates 70 in-patients, and furnishes advice and medicine to an unlimited number of out-patients: the annual expenses are defrayed by voluntary subscription. A dispensary, opened in 1814, has also been extensively useful in giving medical relief to the poor in this increasing town. The port of Hull, which ranks fourth amongst those of the British empire, has extensive accommodations for shipping, which have been greatly enlarged during the present century. The old dock formed in 1775 occupies the place of the old wall and ramparts: it is 1,700 ft. long, 250 ft. broad, and 24 ft. deep. Its wharfs, quays, &c., occupy an area of 13 acres, and the entrance is on the E. side from the Hull about 300 yards above its mouth. In 1807, the accommodation was further increased by the construction of a dock opening directly into the Humber: its dimensions are 920 ft. in length, 350 ft. in breadth, and 30 ft. in depth, the wharfs, &c., covering an area of 9 acres. A third dock, connecting those above mentioned, was completed in 1829, at an expense of 180,0007.: its water-surface exceeds 6 acres, and affords accommodation for about 70 square-rigged vessels. In 1836, 503 ships, of 63,524 tons, belonged to this port, chiefly employed in trading with Germany and the Baltic, in the coasting trade, and in the whale fishery. The commerce of Hull, which is very large, depends principally on her advantageous situation. She is the principal emporium of the extensive and fertile countries situated on the Humber æstuary, and those traversed by the numerous and important rivers that have their embouchure in it, including the Trent, Don, Ouse, &c. The natural facilities for internal communication thus enjoyed by Hull, have been greatly extended by artificial means. She is now united, partly by rivers and partly by canals, with Sheffield, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, &c.; so that she has become not merely the principal port for the W. Riding of Yorkshire, but also for a considerable portion of the trade carried on beween Lancashire and the N. parts of the Continent. The great articles of export are cotton stuffs and twist, woollen goods, hardware and earthenware, &c. Of imports, the leading articles are wool, bones, timber, hemp and flax, corn and seeds, madder, bark, turpentine, skins, &c. The rise of Goole (which see) has somewhat injured the trade of Hull; and it may probably, also, sustain some injury from the privilege of bonding being lately granted to Gainsborough; but its superior facilities for trade and navigation will always ensure for it a decided superiority over the other ports on the Humber and its affluents. Hull used to be very largely engaged in the N. whalefishery; but that branch of business, though still carried on to a considerable extent, has materially declined. A regular intercourse is kept up between Hull and London, and Hull and different ports of the Continent, by steam vessels. Subjoined is an account of the quantities of the principal articles of foreign produce, imported into Hull during each of the three years ending with 1839: 1 1 ct. 22 16 Do. 137,3 76,6 799 722 530 12 20 1 75,3 2,845 [For an Account of the Cotton Twist exported, see The gross customs duties at the port of Hull amounted The manufactures of Hull are not very important. A Do. - casks - cases mayor), and 42 councillors. Quarter and petty sessions In the reign of Charles I., Hull was the first to close END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. LONDON: Printed by A. SPOTTISWOODE, |