them are no longer held by a conqueror, and the fertile of the popular customs of the Greeks bear the impress of lands lie uncultivated for want of labourers. In the antiquity; various superstitious observances are kept up. islands, there is a singular mixture of Albanians and and even the ordinary amusements of the people are the Greeks. The Albanians of Hydra and Spezzia have long same which were popular in ancient times. The farbeen known as active traders and excellent mariners. famed Romaica, for instance, the theme of so y The Hydriotes made great sacrifices for the cause of inde- travellers, is obviously the same as the Cretan or De pendence in the late war; the Spezziotes, more prudent dalian dance; and another modern dance, the 45and calculating, increased their wealth and their mer-natico, is supposed to resemble the Pyrrhic dance of the chant navy. The island of Syra, which has long been the ancients. centre of an active commerce, now contains the remnant of the pop. of Ipsara and Chios. The Ipsariots are an active and handsome race, and skilful seamen; the Chiots, following the habits of their ancestors, are fond of staying at home and attending to their shops and mercantile speculations; they amass wealth, but they employ it in founding establishments of public utility, and in the education of their children. In Tinos, the peasants, who are also the proprietors, cultivate the vine and the fig even amidst the most barren rocks: in Syra, Santorin, and at Naxos, they are the tenants of a miserable race of nobility, whose origin is traced to the time of the crusades, and who still retain the Latin creed of their ancestors. Besides these, there are various bodies of Suliotes, of people from the heights of Olympus, Candiotes, many Greek families from Asia Minor, Fanariotes, and others, who have emigrated, or been driven by circumstances within the limits of the new kingdom. The Ipsariots are those who are supposed to have the least intermixture of foreign blood. They have the fine and characteristic Greek physiognomy, as preserved in the marbles of Phidias and other ancient sculptors; they are ingenious, loquacious, lively to excess, active, enterprising, vapouring, and disputatious." The modern Greeks are generally rather above the middle height, and well shaped; they have the face oval, features regular and expressive, eyes large, dark and animated, eyebrows arched, hair long and dark, and complexions olivecoloured." (Journal of Education, xvii.)

The islanders are commonly darker, and of a stronger make than the rest; but the Greeks are all active, hardy, brave, and capable of enduring long privations. Generally speaking, the women of the islands and of Hellas are much handsomer than those of the Morea. The character of the Greeks, while under the Turks, was thus summed up by Mr. Hope. (Anastasius, i. 78-80.) "The complexion of the modern Greek may receive a different cast from different surrounding objects: the core is still the same as in the days of Pericles. Credulity, versatility, and the thirst of distinctions, from the earliest periods formed, still form, and ever will form, the basis of the Greek character. When patriotism, public spirit, and pre-eminence in arts, science, literature, and warfare, were the road to distinction, the Greeks shone the first of patriots, of heroes, of painters, of poets, and of philosophers. Now that craft and subtlety, adulation and intrigue, are the only paths to greatness, the same Greeks are- what you see them!"

The Albanians are of a much more serious and pensive disposition than the Greeks; and it has been remarked that they may be considered to bear the same relation to the latter that the Doric did to the Ionic population in ancient times. The language of the modern Greeks (for the Albanian is of Illyrian origin), is called Romaic. It has a greater similarity to the ancient Greek than the Italian to the Latin; but many of the alterations from the ancient tongues which distinguish both the modern languages are analogous. Many

History. The Greek nation boasts of the highest antiquity, and in the mythic period of their history it often impossible to separate fable from fact. We inter however, that the Hellenes were not the earliest inhaba. of Hellas, which was previously the abode of the Pelasgi. who migrated not only into Greece, but Italy, and the islands of S. Europe, and there practised tillage d other simple arts of early industry: the remains of Cyclopean walls, scattered in different parts, denote them to have had some knowledge even of architecture. Over these people the Hellenes gradually gained the superiority, and drove them from the continent to the islands, while they peopled it with their own nation, divided into the 4 tribes, of Eolians, Achaans, lonians, and Dorians, and spreading in different directions over the country, were joined soon afterwards by colonists from Egypt and Phoenicia. The first constitution of Greek cities is beyond the reach of exact history; but it seems that monarchy was the earliest form, and Sicyon is said to have been founded B. C, 2000, Argos, Thebes, Athens, Sparta, and Corinth, claiming an origin not much later. The expedition of Cadmus to Colchis, the siege of Thebes, and the Trojan war (B. c. 1200), are the principal events of the mythic or heroic period. The confusion arising from the last event deprived many kingdoms of their princes, and encouraged the ambition of the Dorian Heraclide to get possession of the Pe loponnesus, and expel its inhabs. A fresh impulse was thus given to emigration; large bodies of the people crossed the Egean, and colonised the shores of AsiaMinor; governments changed with their rulers, and the states now partook more of that republican form which was afterwards their characteristic feature.

The civil policy of Sparta and Athens, whose growing power now began to lessen the influence of the other states, was most successful in calling forth the public energies, and in making small means produce great results. The progress of military knowledge and of the more refined arts was contemporaneous with that of politics; most departments of science and of the fine arts, pursued with impatient zeal by the highly sensitive Greeks, were carried by them to a higher pitch of perfection than elsewhere in ancient, and in some respects even than in modern times; and their commerce, conducted by means of their colonies on the Black Sea and on the coasts of Italy, Sicily, and Gaul, was extensive and important. Their pride, activity, and enterprise, and, above all, their love of liberty, bore them triumphant through all the difficulties of the Persian war (closed B. c. 469); and the same features of character, differently developed, involved them in intestine feuds. The Peloponnesian war, which lasted nearly thirty years (B. c. 431-404), by destroying their union, and exhausting their strength, paved the way for their subjugation by Philip of Macedon, who won the decisive battle of Cheronæa, B. c. 338. The brilliant conquests of Alexander engaged them for a few years; but their courage was now enervated, and their love of liberty all but extinguished. The Acharan league proved a vain defence against the power of Macedon;

and, when this kingdom fell, Greece was wholly unable to cope with the arms of Rome. The contest was brief, and ended with the capture of Corinth, anno 146 B.C., from which time, during 1350 years, it continued to be either really or nominally a portion of the Roman empire. Literature and the arts, long on the decline, were at last destroyed by Justinian, who closed the schools of Athens. Alaric the Goth invaded the country in the year 400, followed by Genseric and Zaber-khan in the 6th and 7th, and by the Normans in the 11th century. After the Latin conquest of Constantinople, in 1204, Greece was parted into feudal principalities, and governed by a variety of Norman, VeRetian, and Frankish nobles; but in 1261, with the exception of Athens and Nauplia, it was re-united to the Greek empire by Michael Paleologus. In 1438 it was invaded by the Turks, who finally conquered it in 1481. The Venetians, however, were not disposed to allow its new masters quiet possession, and the country during the 16th and 17th centuries was the theatre of obstinate wars, which continued till the treaty of Passarovitz, in 1718, confirmed the Turks in their conquest. With the exception of Maina, the whole country remained under their despotic sway till 1821; when the Greeks once more awoke from their protracted lethargy, and asserted their claim to a national existence, and to the dominion of the land possessed and ennobled by their ancestors. The heads of the nobler famlies and others interested in the regeneration of their country, formed an hetairia for concerting patriotic measures; and, in 1821, Ypsilanti proclaimed that Greece had thrown off the yoke of Turkey. The revolution broke out simultaneously in Greece and Wallachia; and war continued with various success and much bloodshed till the great European powers interfered, and the battle of Navarino (Oct. 20. 1827) insured the independence of Greece, which was reluctantly acknowledged by the Porte in the treaty of Adrianople, in 1829. The provisional government, which had been set on foot during the revolutionary struggle, was agitated by discontents and jealousies, and the president, Count Capo d'Istrias, was assassinated in 1831. The allied powers having previously determined on erecting Greece into a monarchy, offered the crown to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (now king of Belgium), who deched it; finally, it was conferred on Otho, a younger son of the king of Bavaria, who was proclaimed at Nauplia, Aug. 30. 1832.

&c., arranged in vertical beds. They have been found to contain a rich copper ore, black lead, marble, asbestos, serpentine, garnets, crystals, and some other valuable stones. There are no volcanoes; but three hot springs have been found in an island on the W. coast. Coal is found in the island of Disco. Vegetation, even in the S., is limited to a few stunted birch, elder, and willow trees, moss, lichens, grasses, fungi, &c. Proceeding N. the surface becomes more sterile, and at last nothing is met with except bare rocks. Several kinds of wild berries attain tolerable perfection, and the soil on the W. coast towards the S. has been found fit for the cultivation of various culinary vegetables: the growth of the potato has latterly been attempted with some success. Among the animals are the reindeer in the S., the polar bear in the N., white hares, foxes of various colours, and dogs; seals abound in the S., where the walrus also is met with; whales of various kinds inhabit the seas, chiefly towards the N.; and the sea, fiords, and rivers abound in fish, especially turbot, herrings, salmon-trout, halibuts, rays, &c., with a great variety of shell-fish. Fishing and seal-hunting are the principal occupations of the native inhab.

In 1837 there were in W. Greenland 13 colonies, 15 minor commercial, and 10 missionary, establishments. The most N. station is Uppernavic, in lat. 720 30. Good Hope, the most ancient of the settlements, in lat. 64° 10′, has an excellent harbour. The trade gives employment to about five or six vessels. The exports consist chiefly of whale-oil, seal, bear, and reindeer skins, eider down, &c. The Greenlanders are believed to be of the same race as the inhab, of the coasts of Hudson's Bay, Labrador, the N.W. coasts, Kamtchatska, &c., from whom they differ little in person, manner, and language. On the W. coast they do not much exceed 5 ft. in height. They have long black hair, small eyes, and a yellow or brown skin. The inhab. of the E. coast differ from the former in being taller, fairer, and more active and robust; but they do not exceed a few hundreds in number. There is no European colony on the B. coast, and little or no intercourse is maintained between it and the W. coast. The inhab. display considerable skill in the structure of their fishing boats and hunting implements, which are made of the drift wood brought in vast quantities to the coasts. Many have embraced a species of Christianity; and their superstitious belief in sorcery, &c., is now giving way to a rude kind of civilisation. Their kajaks or fishing boats are from 12 to 14 ft. long, and only about 13 ft. broad, sharp at both ends, and covered with skins, except a small round opening in the middle, where the Greenlander, having a single oar, takes his seat. Their houses are from 6 to 8 ft. high, and vary in size according to the number of families they are intended to accommodate, which sometimes amount to seven or eight. The interior is divided by skins into different compartments; the walls are lined with broom and hung with skins, and the floor paved with flat stones. Their domestic ar

of cleanliness than any thing else. The food of the natives is principally the dried flesh of the seal, with a little game and fish; coffee, tobacco, snuff, and brandy, are esteemed the greatest luxuries.

GREENLAND, an extensive territory forming part of N. America, and partly occupied by Danish colonies, extending N. from Cape Farewell, in lat. 59° 49′ N., between long. 20° and 750 W., having W. Baffin's Bay and Davis' Straits, S. and E. the N. Atlantic Ocean, and N. the unexplored Arctic regions. Pop, estimated at only 6,000 or 7,000, all Esquimaux, except about 150 Europeans. Greenland was long supposed to be united on the N.W. to the continent of America; but the discoveries of recent navigators render it more probable that it is an island. Shape, somewhat triangular with the apex towards the S. It is high and rocky, its surface present-rangements are simple, and more remarkable for a want ing a chaotic assemblage of sterile mountains, bare or covered with ice, which also occupies a great portion of the intervening valleys. The centre is said to be traversed by a range of lofty mountains, by which the country is divided into E. and W. Greenland. Of the former, from lat. 65° to 69°, little or nothing is known, the shore being constantly beset by vast accumulations of ice. All this coast appears to be colder, more barren and miserable than the W. coast. It may be said to consist of one uninterrupted glacier, exhibiting only a few patches of vegetation, generally on the banks of the rivers; and often advancing far into the sea and forming promontories of ice, large masses of which frequently fall in avalanches. The W. shore is high, rugged, and barren, and rises close to the water's edge into precipitous cliffs and mountains, seen from sea at a distance of 60 m. The whole coast is indented with a series of bays or fiords, interspersed with a number of islands of various form and size. The principal of these is the island of Disco, in the bay of same name, on the W. coast, between lat. 690 and 700. Only the coasts and islands are yet ascertained to be inhabited, no other part having been explored by Europeans. The air is pure, light, and healthy; but the cold during the long winter is often very intense. More snow falls, and the climate is more severe on the E. than the W. coast. In S. Greenland the cold seldom exceeds 160 or 180 Réaumur, but in the N. the thermometer sometimes stands at 30 Réaum. The sun has considerable power during the summer, but fine weather is never of long continuance. Lightning sometimes occurs, and hail, but the latter seldom. Violent storms are frequent in autumn. The rare occurrence of rain, and the intense degree of cold produced by the N.E. wind, has given reason to believe that the most E. parts of Greenfand form a great archipelago, encumbered with perpetual ice. The aurora borealis has at some seasons a light equal to that of the full moon. The rocks are principally granite, gueiss, clay-slate, porphyry, potstone,

Greenland is said to have been discovered by an Icelander, near the commencement of the 10th century; and the first colonisation of the country, according to the old chronicles, dates from the year 923, when it was settled by the Norwegian Icelanders. It has long been a subject of discussion, whether colonies were established on both coasts; but from the accounts of recent adventurers it is pretty certain that no European colony was ever founded to the E. of Cape Farewell; at all events, no ruins indicative of any ancient settlements have been discovered on that coast, though numerous traces of them remain on the W. coast. Under the Norwegian colonists, the country was governed by Icelandic laws, and had its own bishops. An intercourse was maintained between Norway and these settlements till the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century, when the trade with Greenland was interdicted. Of the subsequent history of the country, and the fate of the colonies, we have no certain accounts. Several expeditions have from time to time been undertaken for the discovery of the lost colonies, but without success. The first of the modern settlements was established in 1721, under the auspices of the Danish crown, by Hans Egede, a Norwegian, who has written an interesting work on Greenland. (For further particulars, see Egede's work; Malte-Brun's Geography; Crantz's History of Greenland; Gruah's l'oyage to Greenland, 1837; Journal of R. Geog. Society, 1831, &c.)

GREENOCK, a parl. bor. and sea-port town of Scotland, co. Renfrew, on the S, bank of the Frith of Clyde, 18 m. W.N.W. Glasgow; lat. 55° 57' 2" N., long. 4° 45′ 30′ W. The situation of Greenock is interesting and picturesque. Immediately behind it the land rises rapidly to a height of 800 ft.; and though the town be built mainly on a strip of level ground stretching up

wards of 2 m. along the shore, it ascends at one place | and liberally supported. With regard to pauperism, the about 500 yards up the ridge. In its front the Clyde were, at an average of three years ending with 1-37. is about 4 m. in width; and its magnificent æstuary, paupers on the permanent roll; 9041 receiving occas which seems land-locked on every side, with the pic-aid; and 21 lunatic poor: total average number of pr turesque mountain scenery of Argyll and Dumbarton of all kinds, 1,9153. The average assessment (which c on the opposite coast, forms a noble view. Craw- first introduced in 1817) is 2 392. 7s. 1d. antaly, furdsdyke, or Cartsdyke, on the E., once a rival bor., is pendent of church collections and other funds; t now incorporated with Greenock. Pop. (1831) 27.571. 3,1007. 9s. 10d. The highest sum given to the por The progress of pop. has been, anno 1755, 3,858; 1801, permanent roll is 41. 16s. ; the lowest, 17. 10s. The 17.458; 1821, 22,088; 1831, 27,571; and now (1840) it is sum allowed to the occasional poor annually is 32. N supposed to be about 30,000. or about 8s. 44d. each. The total sum disbursed fiet support of the 21 lunatic poor averages 313, M. annual or about 147. 18s. 5. each. (Report of General sembly on the Poor in Scotland, 1839, pp. 39, 890) An extraordinary work has been contructed it Gran ock, by which not only the town is abundantly with water, but machinery to a great extent ma pelled. To acomplish this an artificial lake, cons 2944 imp. acres, has been excavated in the bo the neighbouring alpine district, behind the t turning the courses of several small streams basin prepared for their reception. From this, a common source, an aqueduct or canal is con along the mountain range for several miles à d elevation of 520 ft. above the level of the C when within less than a mile of the town, it pounde a torrent in successive falls, the whole aqueduct being 63 m. In addition to the principa there is a compensation reservoir occupying a besides several of smaller dimensions, in order to pre a plentiful supply of water in seasons of the drought. A series of self-acting sluices has been structed in a most ingenious manner, by which aith of an overflow is obviated, at the same time that drop of rain, even during the greatest foods, 17 served. This magnificent public work, which ha than realised the expectations of the most was planned by Mr. James Thom, of Roths company having been formed, it was carried under his superintendence, in 1827, at an exp 52,000. The charge to the inhab. for taking the into their houses is one half per cent. on the r

The town, including several streets begun, but not finished, is upwards of 2 m. in length. The width is inconsiderable, except near its centre, where, as already stated, it stretches up the hill. It is pretty regularly built, particularly in the more modern parts. The leading streets run E. and W. The houses are of stone, covered with slate. The streets which are causewayed, have foot pavements of convenient breadth on both sides. The town is rapidly stretching towards the W., where the best streets have been erected. A number of elegant villas are scattered in this direction, and along the heights behind the town. Greenock, however, is not remarkable for cleanliness, nor is it protected by an efficient police. From its vicinity to the mountains, the climate is moist: the average fall of rain for the three years ending with 1838 being 35-34 inches annually. It is lighted with gas.

Of the public buildings, the most distinguished is the custom-house, erected in 1818 at a cost of 30,000. It is advantageously situated in the centre of the quay, about 40 yards from its edge, and being unconnected with any other building, is seen in all directions. It is in the Grecian style, and its portico fronting the quay is particularly handsome. The other more prominent public buildings are, the town-hall, erected in 1766; the gaol, built in 1810; the infirmary; the Tontine hotel, built in 1801, at an expense of 10,000.; and the exchange buildings, which latter contain under the same roof, or attached to it, the sheriff-court-house, post-office, provident bank, and assembly-rooms. The mansionhouse of Greenock, once the residence of the ancient family of Shaw, the superiors of the place, is situated on an eminence overhanging the town. Part of the building is old, but additions at different times have been made to it. It is now let to different private families. Greenock contains 3 parishes quoad civilia; but 5 chapels of ease, or quoad sacra parishes, have been erected since 1233. Of the churches, two only, the Middle Parish church, erected in 1741, and St. Andrew's, built in 1835, are worth any special notice. In addition to the estab. churches, there are a number of dissenting meeting-house port, and a branch of the neighbouring houses; of which 3 belong to the Associate Synod; 1 respectively to the Episcopalians, the original Burghers, the Relief, the Independents, Methodists, Roman Catholies, Baptists, and Irvingites, or followers of the late Rev. Edward Irving. There is also a Gaelic chapel for the numerous inhabitants of the Highlands that belong to the town. The stipend of the original or W. parish of Greenock is the largest in Scotland, having increased from about 1007. to about 8007. a year, a consequence of the globe being feued, or let on building leases, under an act of parliament passed in 1801.

According to the official returns, Greenock had, in 1886, 36 schools, conducted by 52 teachers, and attended by 2,712 pupils. One only of these seminaries was founded by the magistrates, and is under their management. The others are voluntary institutions. Hence it appears that about a tenth part of the pop. are at school, exclusive of those who attend the occasional courses of lectures delivered in the mechanics' institution, which sometimes has had 800 students. This institution has recently built a hall, which contains an apartment used as a library and reading-room, and a lecture-room. There are 3 other libraries, the largest of which (founded in 173) belongs to the middle and upper classes, and contains nearly 10,000 volumes. A splendid building for the accommodation of this library has recently been erected at an expense of 3,000l., by the present Mr. Watt of Soho, only surviving son of the late James Watt, the improver of the steam-engine, and the most illustrious of the natives of Greenock. A marble statue of Watt, by Chantrey, is placed in this building. The first newspaper published in this town, entitled the Greenock Advertiser, was established in 1802. It still survives, and appears twice a week. A second was tried in 1833, but did not long exist. Though the inhabitants are eminently distinguished for education, intelligence, and commercial enterprise, literature, in the strict sense of the term, is not much cherished by them. They have no philosophical associations or literary societies; and the town can boast of no great name except that of Watt. In 1767, when Wilson, the author of Clyde, a Poem, was appointed master in the grammar-school of Greenock, the magistrates stipulated with him that he should renounce what they called “the profane and unprofitable art of poem-making!" The charitable and religious institutions of Greenock are numerous

The docks of Greenock deserve particular n John Shaw, the feudal superior of the town, bar two unsuccessful applications (in 1696 and 17 07: Scottish parliament for aid to build a barb inhab. took the matter (1707) into their own ha agreed with their superior to assess themes certain rate, to build a proper pier and harbour work was finished in 1710, at an expense of Greenock being, in the same year, made a custa more flourishing bor. of Port Glasgow. A new d built in 1785, at a cost of 4,0007.; but the acco being still very deficient, two spacious wet docis, cost 119,000, were constructed in 1924. In 179 harbour dues amounted to only 111. 45. d in 1839 they produced 12,0794. Os. 4d. The ha managed by commissioners, whose expenditure above year was 6,0994. 178. 8d. The existing Larbor is about 60,000Z.

The Clyde is navigable to Greenock for vessels f burden, at any time of the tide; but a sub-marise --extends from a spot opposite Greenock 9 1 river to Dumbarton; and the channel for navig though deep, is only 300 ft. wide. The system. pursued, of towing by steam-boats obviates, i measure, this inconvenience. Government has re agreed to make a survey of the river.

The trade of Greenock has kept pace with the provements made on its harbour. The union kingdoms (1707) opened the colonies to the e ing inhabitants of this town, and generally of of Scotland; but it was not till 1719 that the vessel, belonging to Greenock, crossed the A The tobacco trade with Virginia and Maryland prosecuted with great vigour and success for f a century after this date; but it was to a cons extent carried on upon account of and in c with Glasgow merchants. The war with the A colonies depressed, for a lengthened period, the Greenock, but other sources of commerce were taken advantage of; and, at present, ships (r town may be found in almost every considerable p which British enterprise has extended. The increase of trade may be seen from the following of the gross receipt of customs duties at the p Greenock in various years:

Years.

Duty.

Years.

1728

L.15.231

1836

1770

57.336

1837

1802

211,087

1838

417579

1822

963,464

1839

1

The stationary state of the duties of late years is ascribable to the improvements effected in the navigation of the Clyde, which enable vessels that formerly had to load and unload here, or at Port Glasgow, to ascend to the Broomielaw. (Vide GLASGOW.)

The following is an account of the registered vessels belonging to Greenock at various periods:

The number of sailors belonging to the port of Greenock is about 3,200. Most vessels belonging to Glasgow touch at Greenock on entering and leaving the Clyde.

The herring fishery, the trade in which the inhab. of the town first engaged, is still prosecuted to a considerable extent. The Greenland whale-fishery was begun in 1752, but has been long since discontinued. The facilities afforded by the Shaw's Water for water. power in manufactures have not been neglected. The works now in operation on the falls are a paper manufactory; a woollen do.; a flax and hemp spinning mill, to which a cordage and sailcloth manufactory.is annexed; a mill for cleaning rice and coffee; and two grist mills. A cotton mill of great size, to be driven by a wheel of 70 ft. 2 in. in diameter, is nearly completed; and several of the falls have been taken on lease for various branches of manufacture, but the build. ings are not yet begun.

Sugar-refining is carried on here to a greater extent than elsewhere in Scotland. There are three large foundries for the manufacture of steam-engines, chaincables, anchors, and other ironwork. But the most extensive business pursued in Greenock is that of shipbuilding. There are 9 building yards, one of which (that of the Messrs. Scott) is one of the largest in the empire. As evincing the extent of this branch, we may state that, in March 1840, there were on the stocks 4 ships, aggregate burden 1.930 tons; 9 barges, 2,948 tons; 5 brigs, 860 tons; 3 steam-boats, 1,600 tons: total, 21 vessels aggregate burden, 7,338 tons. Five of the steamers for carrying the royal mail to the W. Indies are to be built in Greenock; and it is to supply six with their machinery. Among the other branches of business may be mentioned several extensive roperies and sailcloth factories, in addition to the one already specified; 4 breweries; 2 tanneries; 2 soap and candle works; the manufacture of straw-hats, and Leghorn bonnets made of rye-straw, the latter having been brought to unusual perfection; of silk and felt hats; pottery; flint-glass; glass bottles; and many others of a minor description. There are six banking establishments, besides a provident bank.

partially paved, well lighted with gas, and supplied with water from the Kent water-works at Deptford. The par. church is a handsome stone fabric, with a noble portico, and an interior richly ornamented in the Corinthian order the living is a vicarage in the gift of the crown. A new district church, of handsome exterior and Ionic portico, stands near the principal gate of the park.

It appears from Willis's Notitia Parl. (vol. iii. p. 85.) that the bor. of Greenwich sent two burgesses to parl. in the reign of Philip and Mary; but neither the extent of the bor., nor the nature of the franchise, nor the reason why it ceased to be exercised, has been specified. The Reform Act again conferred on Greenwich the right to send 2 mems. to the H. of C.; but the parishes of Deptford and Woolwich, and about two thirds of that of Charlton, are included with it in the modern parl. bor., which had, in 1831, an aggregate pop. of 65,917. Registered electors, in 1838-39, 3,155.

Greenwich Hospital, the noblest establishment of its kind in Europe, occupies the site of a palace erected by Humphry, Duke of Gloucester, in 1433, and was long a favourite residence of the Tudor family. The present building, originally intended for a palace, was cominenced by Charles II., who erected one wing at an expense of 36,000. In the reign of William III. the case of the disa bled seamen of the navy engaged the attention of the king and queen, and, in consequence, this palace was granted as an asylum for their relief. Commissioners were appointed to carry out the royal intentions; Sir Christopher Wren undertook to superintend the completion of the building without charge, and voluntary contributions were requested in aid of the public grant, which last amounted to 58,2097. In 1715, the confiscated estates of the Earl of Derwentwater, amounting to 6,000l. a year, were given to it by parl., and their value has immensely increased within the last half century. The hospital was partly also supported by the forced contribution (by act passed 7 & 8 Will. III.) of 6d. a month from the wages of all seamen in the king's and merchants' service. But since 1835, merchant seamen have been exempted from this contribution, in lieu of which the sum of 20,0007. a year is advanced from the consolidated fund to the hospital. The entire building consists of four magnificent detached quadrangular piles, of Portland stone, called King Charles's, Queen Anne's, King William's, and Queen Mary's: the interval between the two former is the grand square, 273 ft. wide, in the centre of which is a statue of George II. by Rysbrach: the space between the two latter is filled up by two colonnades supported by 300 double columns and pilasters. The principal front, on the N. side towards the river, comprises the sides of King Charles's and Queen Anne's buildings; and before it, extending 865 ft. in length, is a spacious terrace, with a double flight of steps in the middle, commanding a fine view of the building, and forming a handsome landing place to the hospital. King Charles's building, in the N. W., angle, was erected after Inigo Jones's designs: in it are the council-chambers and residences for the governor and lieutenant-governor. Queen Anne's building contains 24 wards for the pensioners, and some officers' apartments. King William's building, designed and directed by Sir C. Wren, contains the great hall, with its vestibule surmounted by a fine cupola, and 11 wards. The hall is 106 ft. long by 56 broad, and 50 high: the roof and walls were painted by Sir James Thornhill, at a cost of 6,6857. Several pictures of great naval actions, with portraits and statues of distinguished officers, give interest to this noble apartment. Opposite the hall in Queen Mary's building is the chapel, with a vestibule and cupola corresponding with those of the hall. The roof and inside having been destroyed by fire, were ably restored by Athenian Stuart," in 1780. A flight of 14 steps leads to the interior, which is 111 ft. long by 52 broad, and ac Re-commodates 1,000 persons. The carving of the pulpit and other parts is exquisitely finished. The altar-piece, by West, represents the Shipwreck of St. Paul. This hospital supports about 2,700 old or disabled seamen in the house, and gives pensions varying in amount, but which may perhaps average about 12. a year, to a much more numerous body of out-pensioners. The nurses are all required for the support of the in-pensioners, the expense of the out-pensioners is defrayed by an annual parliamentary grant. Connected with the hospital, in a building contiguous to the park, part of which was intended for a ranger's lodge, is the Naval Asylum, for the education of 400 boys, 100 of which are sons of commissioned and ward-room warrant officers, and 300 sons of private seamen and marines.

Greenock originally consisted of a few thatched houses stretching along the bay; and the neighbouring hamlet of Cartsdyke, now incorporated with it, was long a place of greater consideration. It was created a bor. of barony in 1635, and Cartsdyke in 1669. Sir John Shaw, the feudal superior (now represented by Sir Michael Shaw Stewart, bart.) gave power by charter to the feuars, sub-feuars, and burgesses to be afterwards admitted, to meet yearly for the purpose of choosing nine managers of the public funds of the town, viz. 2 bailies a treasurer, and 6 counsellors. The united bor. is now governed under the Scotch municipal reform act, by a provost, 4 bailies, and 16 counsellors, of which latter, one fills the office of treasurer. Corporation revenue, 1838-39, 19,9067. The Reform Act raised Greenock to the dignity of a parl. bor., by conferring on it, for the first time, the privilege of sending 1 mem. to the II. of C. gistered voters, in 1839-40, 1,100. In 1835, Greenock and the three neighbouring pars. were constituted the Lower Ward of Renfrewshire, and placed under the jurisdiction of a sheriff-substitute, who resides and holds

his court in the town.

In addition to the authorities already quoted, vide Weir's Hist. of Greenock; Crawfurd's Hist. of Renfrew-seamen's widows. The revenues of the hospital being shire; New Stat. Acc. of Scotland, § Greenock; Boundary Reports; and other Parl. Papers. But the most important parts of this article have been furnished by local authorities.

GREENWICH, a parl. bor., town, and par. of England, on the S. bank of the Thames, co. Kent, lathe Sut ton-at-hone, hund. Blackheath, 4 m. E.S.E. London; lat. 51° 28′ 40′′, long. 0°. Area of par., 2,030 acres: pop. of ditto (1831), 24,553. It is a thriving town, but without any particular trade or manufacture; the business of the place being derived from its public establishments, from families of fortune residing in or near it, and from the shipping and craft on the river. The streets are in some places narrow and irregular; but within the last few years a new street and many handsome houses have been erected, and the town has been greatly improved It is

The management of the hospital revenues is vested in 100 incorporated commissioners; and the interior regulations are under the superintendence of a governor, lieutenant-governor, chaplain, and numerous other officers.

Greenwich Park, which was attached to the old palace, and is now in the hands of the crown, contains nearly 200 acres; it is well stocked with timber and deez, and fur