(1712). The influence, however, of Shakespeare, though eclipsed, was not extinguished. Rowe was writing tragedies in imitation or his style; and Addison himself (though De Quincey strangely asserts the contrary in his him with high praise (see Tatler, 41; Spectator, 25, 39, 40, 61, 160, 419, 592). a fifth act, decided to write it himself, and finished it, according to Steele (Preface to 'Drummer'), in a week. Steele further undertook to pack a house, a device which Addison's immense popularity may have rendered superfluous. The play was accordingly acted at DruryLife of Shakespeare') frequently speaks of Lane (GENEST, ii. 512) on 14 April 1713. Its dramatic weakness has never been denied. The love scenes are incongruous. It consists in John Dennis made a splenetic, though not great part of declamation, which Addison's pointless, attack upon the awkward dramatic taste restrained within limits, and polished into construction of 'Cato,' due chiefly to Addison's many still familiar quotations, but which re- attempt to preserve the unities, from which mains commonplace. The success, however, full quotations are given in Johnson's Life at the time was unprecedented. Whigs and of Addison. Pope defended Addison (or retories not only united in admiring Addison, venged grievances of his own) by a savage but were equally anxious to claim a right to his Narrative of the Frenzy of John Dennis.' fine phrases about liberty. Addison himself Addison thereupon conveyed to Dennis a disclaimed party intention. Pope, the friend disavowal of any complicity in this attack, of the tory circle, wrote an eloquent pro- and a disapproval of its manner. Such a logue. Swift himself attended a rehearsal disavowal, though no more than due to after a long period of estrangement from the Dennis and to Addison's own character, author. Bolingbroke, as Pope told Caryll chagrined Pope. Pope was already involved (30 April 1713), sent for Booth, the actor in a bitter quarrel with Ambrose Philips, and of Cato, and presented him with fifty gui- became irritated against the whole clique who neas for defending the cause of liberty so gathered round Addison at Button's. When well against a perpetual dictator,' innuendo he published the first four books of his Marlborough; and the whigs, says Pope, Homer in 1715, a version of the first Iliad ' intend a similar present and are trying to by Tickell appeared simultaneously. Tickell invent as good a sentence. He afterwards indeed expressly disavowed any intention of (Ep. to Augustus, v. 215) sneered at Addi- rivalry, declaring that he had abandoned a son for appearing to claim some political merit task now fallen into abler hands, and that in a copy of verses sent with Cato' (Nov. he published his fragment only to bespeak 1714) to the princess royal. No tories, public favour for an intended translation of however, could scruple at the political maxims the Odyssey. Pope, in a conversation reof 'Cato, and men of all parties applauded ported by himself, admitted to Addison that it to the echo. It ran for twenty nights, the he had no monopoly in Homer, and accepted last performance being on 9 May. A fourth Addison's proposal to read Pope's version of edition appeared on 4 May, and eight were the second book as he had read Tickell's verpublished in the year. The three managers sion of the first. Pope came, however, to gained each 1,350. by the season; to which believe in, or assert, the existence of a consubsequent performances at Oxford enabled spiracy against his fame. Addison had them to add 1507. more, a sum then unpre- prompted Tickell to write, or corrected cedented (CIBBER'S Apology, 377, 387). It Tickell's verses, or written them himself in was translated into French, Italian, and Tickell's name. Another proof of this plot, German; the Jesuits translated it into Latin, as he told Spence, was given to him by that it might be played by the scholars at Warwick, soon to be Addison's stepson. St. Omer; and Voltaire praised it as the first Addison had encouraged Gildon to attack reasonable English tragedy, and speaks of the Pope in a pamphlet on Wycherley, and had sustained elegance and nobility of its language, afterwards paid the assailant ten guineas. though blaming its dramatic weakness, and Hereupon Pope wrote to Addison expressing observing that the barbarism and irregularity | his scorn for underhand dealings, and ensanctioned by Shakespeare have left some closing, as a proof of his own openness, a traces even in Addison (Letters to Boling- sketch of the famous lines finally incorbroke and Falkener prefixed to Brutus and porated in the Epistle to Arbuthnot.' Zaire; Life of Louis XIV; and 18th Let-dison, he said, ever afterwards used him ter on the English). Cato' marks in fact very civilly. A complimentary reference to the nearest approach in the English theatre, Pope's Homer in the Freeholder is the only to an unreserved acceptance of the French clear indication we have of Addison's later canons, of which Philips's Distressed Mother feeling. -an adaptation of Racine's Andromaque had given an example in the previous year Ad The accusation has been fully discussed, and is the subject of a note by Blackstone in the Biographia Britannica,' arguing for Addison's innocence, which has been proved by later revelations. Tickell's manuscript has been preserved, and proves his authorship of the translation. All that can possibly be said is that Addison did not prevent Tickell from publishing what (on Pope's own admission) he had a perfect right to publish, and what could in no case seriously injure Pope. The Warwick story is a bit of gossip which Pope (if indeed he did not invent it) should have rejected with scorn. Pope's main desire in the whole affair was apparently to disprove a report that the satire on Addison had been written after its victim's death. There is independent evidence, indeed, to disprove this, though there is also a very strong presumption that it was never shown to Addison. Pope's evidence in his own case is that of a man who lied by preference; it is irreconcilable with dates, and it is the more suspicious because we now know that almost the whole correspondence with Addison was deliberately manufactured by Pope from other letters in order to give colour to his account of their relations. The satire itself must stand upon its own base. It shows Pope's feeling towards Addison, and has that amount of truth, whatever it may be, which is implied in its internal probability and coherence. We may see that a keen but hostile observer could plausibly attribute to Addison the faults characteristic of the head of a coterie-love of flattery and jealousy of outsiders-and may infer that he saw one, though a very unfavourable, aspect of the truth. After Cato,' Addison returned to essay writing. He contributed fifty-one papers to the 'Guardian' (which Steele now edited in place of the Spectator') between 28 May and 22 Sept. 1713, and twenty-four papers to a revived Spectator,' probably conducted by Budgell, between 18 June and 29 Sept. 1714. In the earlier part of the same year he gave two papers to Steele's Lover. It is enough to say that these generally display the old qualities, but with fewer conspicuous successes. His purely literary activity ends with the production of the Drummer,' a prose comedy founded on the story of the drummer of Tedworth, told in Glanvill's Sadducismus Triumphatus. Addison gave it to Steele with an especial injunction of secrecy. It was represented without success in 1715, and then published by Steele, who thought that beauties too delicate for a theatre might please in the closet. Tickell slurred its authenticity by excluding it from his edition of Addison's works; Steele vehemently protested in a dedicatory letter to Congreve prefixed to a new edition; nor has VOL. I. any critic since that time doubted that it displays Addison's characteristic humour without the dramatic force which he did not possess. On The death of Queen Anne and the triumphi of the whigs restored Addison to politics. He was appointed secretary to the lords justices, and, on Sunderland becoming lordlieutenant, to his old secretaryship. Sunderland's retirement from this office after ten months' tenure, Addison was appointed one of the lords commissioners of trade. During the same period he had published the 'Freeholder' (fifty-five papers, from 23 Dec. 1715, to 9 June 1716), a political Spectator' in defence of orthodox whig principles imperilled by the rebellion in Scotland, and now remarkable chiefly for two numbers devoted to the tory fox-hunter-an admirable portrait halfway between Sir Roger de Coverley and Squire Western. On 3 Aug. 1716, Addison was married to the Countess of Warwick. He was an old family friend; his residence at Chelsea had made him a neighbour of Holland House; and he had taken an interest in the education of her son, a lad of seventeen, though the statement that he had actually bech his tutor is inaccurate. The courtship had lasted for some time, as appears from a copy of verses addressed by Rowe to the countess on Addison's departure for Ireland in the previous year. The marriage is generally said to have been uncomfortable. Johnson says that it resembled the marriages in which a sultan gives his daughter a man to be her slave; and there is a report that Addison used to escape from his uncomfortable splendour at Holland House to a coffee-house at Kensington. Little value can be attached to such gossip. The match probably facilitated Addison's official elevation. Sunderland triumphed over Townshend in the spring of 1717, and brought in Addison as his fellow secretary of state. political success must be considered chiefly as a proof of his extreme personal popularity. He had neither the power derived from great social position, nor that of a vigorous debater. It has been added (SPENCE, p. 175) that he was too fastidious in his style to be capable of writing a common despatch. Macaulay argues that this could only apply to an ignorance of official forms. No proof, indeed, is required that he could write easily, though he could polish carefully. Steele says that when Addison had settled his plan, he could walk about and dictate-and Steele had often been his amanuensis-as easily and correctly as his words could be written down. Pope says that the 'Spectators' were often written quickly and sent to press at once, and that he wrote best when he had not too much time Addison's K to correct. Warton had heard that Addison would stop the press, when almost the whole impression of a Spectator' had been worked off, to insert a new preposition or conjunction (Essay on Pope, i. 145). We can hardly say with confidence how far his nicety may have sometimes interfered with his official despatch writing. their common friend. Steele says to his wife in 1717 that he asks nothing from Mr. Secretary Addison.' Steele published a paper called the Plebeian (14 March 1719), attacking the proposed measure for limiting the number of peers. Addison replied temperately in the 'Old Whig' (19 March), with a constitutional argument for a measure calculated, as he thought, to preserve the right balance of power. Steele replied in two more Plebeians' (29 and 30 March), and in one of them made an irrelevant and coarse allusion, harshly described by Macaulay as an his opponents. Addison made a severe and contemptuous reply in a second 'Old Whig' (2 April), ending, however, with an expression of his belief that the Plebeian' would write well in a good cause. Macaulay first pointed out that Addison did not, as Johnson says, call Steele little Dicky.' Steele had the last word in a Plebeian' (6 April) written with some bitterness about Addison's whiggism, but ending with a quotation from 'Cato' as expressive of sound nature. Some regret for the breach of their old alliance appears in the concluding sentences, but there is no trace of a reconciliation. Addison's health was meanwhile breaking. He retired in March 1718, with a pension of 1,500l. a year, and undertook some literary work never completed. A tragedy on the death of Socrates is mentioned; and he left behind a fragmentary and very superficial work on the evidences of the christian re-odious imputation' upon the morals of ligion. He also meditated a paraphrase of the Psalms. His last published work was destined to be of a different character, and brought him into conflict with his old friend Steele. Steele's boundless admiration for Addison has been noticed. When supplanted by his ally, he rejoiced, as he says, to be excelled, and proudly declared that, whatever Mr. Steele owed to Mr. Addison, the world owed Addison to Steele. The harmony, however, was disturbed. We learn from Steele's correspondence that he borrowed money occasionally from his richer friend. Johnson, tells a story, upon apparently good authority, that Addison once put an execution into Steele's house for 1007., and that Steele was deeply hurt. The most authentic form of the anecdote comes from the actor, B. Victor (Original Letters, &c., vol. i. pp. 328-9), who knew Steele and gave the facts in a letter to Garrick. The statement is that Steele borrowed 1,000l. from Addison in order to build a house at Hampton Court; that Addison advanced the money through his lawyers with instructions to enforce the debt when due; and that upon Steele's failure to pay at the year's end, the house and furniture were sold and the balance paid to Steele, with a letter briefly telling him that the step had been taken to arouse him from his 'lethargy, Steele, it is added, took the reproof with 'philosophical composure,' and was afterwards on good terms with Addison. Upon this showing, it was not a case of a friend suddenly converted by anger into a severe creditor, but a deliberate plan from the first to give a serious lesson. However well meant or well taken, such reproofs are severe tests of friendship. Steele, whose imprudent zeal made him the scapegoat of his party, was probably hurt when he received no office, and only a share in the patent of the playhouse, upon the triumph of the whigs. He was hurt, too, at being superseded by Tickell in Addison's favour, and at the appointment of the younger man as under-secretary to | Addison was fast breaking. On his deathbed he sent for Gay, and begged forgiveness for some injury, presumably an interference with Gay's preferment, of which he accused himself. He sent also, as Young tells us (Conjectures on Original Composition,' Works, p. 136), for his stepson Warwick, and said to him: See in what peace a christian can die.' The incident is supposed to be alluded to in Tickell's fine address to Warwick with Addison's words. He taught us how to live, and (oh! too high The price of knowledge) taught us how to die. He left to Tickell the care of his works, which he bequeathed to Craggs in a touching letter; and died of asthma and dropsy, 17 June 1719. Lady Warwick died 7 July 1731. He left a daughter, born 30 Jan. 1719, apparently of rather defective intellect (Gentleman's Magazine, March 1797 and May 1798; Lady Louisa Stewart's introduction to the Works of Lady M. W. Montagu, p. 15; and letters in Egerton MS. 1974), who lived many years at Bilton, dying unmarried in 1797. His library was sold in May 1799, bringing 456l. 28. 9d. There is a portrait of Addison in the National Portrait Gallery, two at Magdalen, and one (presented by his daughter in 1750) at the Bodleian. A so-called portrait in Holland House seems to be really the portrait 6 6 of his friend Sir A. Fountaine (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. xii. 357, 5th ser. v. 488, vi. 94; Joseph Addison and Sir A. Fountaine, the Romance of a Portrait, London, 1858). Addison's Latin poems appeared in the "Examen Poeticum Duplex,' London, 1698, and the Musarum Anglicanarum Analecta, vol. ii., Oxford, 1699. The latter collection includes two poems, on the Peace and to Dr. Hannes, not in the former. A poem on Skating attributed to P. Frowde in the last was published as Addison's by Curll in 1720. The third part of the Miscellany Poems' (1693) includes the poem 'To Mr. Dryden;' the fourth part (1694), the translation of the fourth Georgic, an Account of the Greatest English Poets,' the Song for St. Cecilia's Day,' a translation of Ovid's Salmacis;' the fifth part (1704) contains the letter from Italy (already published), the Milton imitated in a translation from the third Æneid, and various translations from Ovid. Macaulay mentions (see note to article Macaulay' in LOWNDES's Manual) that Spectator' Nos. 603 and 623 should be given to Addison. A translation of an oration in defence of the new philosophy,' made in the schools at Oxford (7 July 1693), attributed to Addison, is appended to a translation by W. Gardiner of Fontenelle's 'Plurality of Worlds' (London, 1728). A Discourse on Ancient and Modern Learning,' published by Osborne in 1739, from a manuscript belonging to Somers and afterwards to Jekyl, is regarded by Hurd as a genuine, though early, piece, and is reprinted in Addison's works. A Dissertatio de insignioribus Romanis Poetis' was published in 1692, 1698, 1718, 1725, and 1750, and was regarded as valuable by Dr. Parr (Notes and Queries, 3rd series, ix. 312). 'Argument about the Alteration of the Triennial Election of Parliaments, attributed to Addison, was first published in Boyer's 'Political State' in 1716. It was afterwards claimed by De Foe (Notes and Queries, 1st series, v. 577), and, though admitted in Bohn's edition, is apparently not Addison's. Other publications are as follows: An 1. A Poem to His Majesty, presented by the Lord Keeper (Somers) 1695. 2. Letter from Italy to the Right Hon. Charles Lord Halifax, in the year 1701. Printed 1703. 3. Remarks on several Parts of Italy,' 1705. Second edition, 1718. 4. Fair Rosamond,' an opera in three acts, and in verse (anonymous), 1707. 5. Papers in The Tatler,' 1709-10. 6. 'The Whig Examiner, 1710. 7. Papers in Spectator,' 1711-12. (The papers on Milton, on the Imagination, and on Coverley have been published separately.) 8. Cato,' 1713. 9. Papers in 'Guardian,' 1713. 10. The late Trial and Conviction of Count Tariff,' 1713. 11. Papers in eighth volume of 'Spectator,' 1714.. 12. 'The Drummer' (anonymous), 1716 (acted 1715). 13. The Freeholder,' 1716. 14. The Old Whig,' 1719. This (with the Plebeian) is included only in Greene's and Bohn's edition of his works. The 'Dialogues on Medals and the Evidences of the Christian Religion' were published posthumously in Tickell's edition of his works. Of collected editions, we may mention Tickell's, in 4 vols., 1721; the Baskerville edition, in 4 vols. 4to, Birmingham, 1761; another collected edition, in 4 vols., London, 1765, often reprinted in 12mo; an edition (with grammatical notes) by Bishop Hurd, in 6 vols. 8vo, in 1811; a fuller edition, edited by G. W. Greene, New York, 1856; the most complete and convenient edition is that contained in Bohn's British Classics,' 6 vols. 1856. [Tickell's Preface to Addison's Works; Steele's Preface to the Drummer, in an Epistle Dedicatory to Mr. Congreve, occasioned by Mr. Tickell's Preface; Spence's Anecdotes (1820); Egerton MSS. 1971-4; life in Biographia Britannica; life in Johnson's Lives of the Poets; Addisoniana, a loose collection of anecdotes by Sir R. Phillips (1803), which contains fac-similes of letters to Wortley Montagu, then first published; life by Lucy Aikin (1843), and the review of this, which is one of Macaulay's best essays; Nathan Drake's Essays illustrative of the Tatler, Guardian, and Spectator (1805); Prefaces to Chalmers's British Essayists, vols. i., v., and xvi.; Tyers's Historical Essay (1783), which is valueless; Swift's Works; Pope's Correspondence in Elwin's edition; Carruthers's Life of Pope.] L. S. ADDISON, LANCELOT, D.D. (1632– 1703), dean of Lichfield, the father of Joseph Addison, was born in 1632 at Meaburn Town Head, manor of Mauldismeaburn and parish of Crosby Ravensworth, Westmoreland. He was the son of a Rev. Lancelot Addison, and his ancestors were settled at Meaburn Town Head in 1564, if not earlier (Notes and Queries, 5th series, vii. 31). After receiving his early education at the grammar school of Appleby he was sent to Queen's College, Oxford, between which and the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland there had long been a close connection. According to the college books he was admitted on 24 Jan. 1650-1 as a 'batteler. Among his college contemporaries (Woon, Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 175) was Joseph Williamson, a Cumberland man, who rose to be a principal secretary of state under the Restoration, who befriended him in after life, and from whom, it has been surmised, Joseph Addison received his christian name. He proceeded B.A, 25 Jan. 1654–5, and M.A. 4 July 1657. In 1657 he was one of the Terræ filii, and the speech which he delivered in that capacity was deemed by those in authority so offensive an attack on the puritanism then dominant in and out of the university, that he was forced to retract it in convocation on his knees. In disgust doubtless at this treatment, he withdrew from Oxford to the neighbourhood of Petworth in Sussex, and having meanwhile, apparently, taken orders, he ministered zealously to the royalist and episcopalian squires of the district. At the Restoration he received the appointment of English chaplain at Dunkirk. In 1662 Dunkirk was purchased back by France, and its English governor, Andrew Lord Rutherford, created earl of Teviot, transferred his services to Tangier, just acquired by Charles II. Addison accompanied Lord Teviot as the chaplain of the new dependency. His probably contemporaneous record of his earlier impressions of Tangier was not published until 1681, when Tangier was reoccupying public attention in England. It then appeared as 'The Moors Baffled, being a discourse concerning Tangier, especially when it was under the Earl of Teviot,' and gives a lively account of garrison life at Tangier and of the military and administrative achievements of Lord Teviot, who was killed in a skirmish with the Moors when he had been governor little more than a year. A second edition, with the author's name, was issued in 1685 as A Discourse of Tangier under the Government of the Earl of Teviot.' In 1670 Addison visited England, and married Jane, sister of the Right Rev. William Gulston, S.T.P., who was made bishop of Bristol in 1679. According to Anthony à Wood, Addison was, against his own wish,superseded in his chaplaincy at Tangier; but his services there seem to have been so far recognised that, in the title-page of a work which he published in 1671, he is designated Chaplain to his Majesty in Ordinary. This was West Barbary, or a Short Narrative of the Revolutions of the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco, with an account of their present customs, sacred, civil, and domestic." It was printed at the theatre in Oxford,' and dedicated to Williamson, who was one of the curators of the Sheldonian press. Macaulay calls it an interesting volume. In 1671, also, Addison received from a friendly squire the living of Milston, near Amesbury, Wiltshire, worth 1207. a year, to which was afterwards added a prebendal stall in Salisbury Cathedral. In 1675 he published The Present State of the Jews (more particularly relating to those of Barbary), wherein is contained an exact account of their customs, secular and religious. To which is annexed a summary discourse of the Misna, Talmud, and Gemara.' This work, dedicated to 'Sir' Joseph Williamson, contains much curious information, and justice is done in it to the private virtues of the Jews of Barbary. A second edition appeared in 1676; a third in 1682. In 1675 Addison took at Oxford his B.D. and D.D. degrees. In 1678 'The First State of Muhametism, or an Account of the Author and Doctrine of that Imposture,' appeared anonymously; but Addison's authorship of it was avowed in the second edition, published in 1679 as the Life and Death of Muhamed.' In 1683 he was appointed dean of Lichfield, and in 1684 collated to the archdeaconry of Coventry, which he held with his deanery in commendam. As a member of the lower house of convocation, which met at Westminster on 4 Dec. 1689, Dean Addison was one of the opponents of the policy of comprehension favoured by the upper house, and on account of this and other displays of his high-church zeal, he lost, it has been said, his chance of becoming one of King William's bishops. He died on 20 April, 1703, and was buried in the churchyard of Lichfield Cathedral, inside which, in 1719, a mural monument was erected to his memory. The inscription on it (written, it has been surmised, by Tickell) records that his son, Joseph, just before his own death, was superintending its erection. Besides the works mentioned, Dean Addison wrote several theological and devotional, of which the titles are given in the 'Biographia Britannica. Of more general interest is his Modest Plea for the Clergy, a spirited defence of his order. The first edition of it appeared anonymously in 1677; but though its authorship was afterwards formally avowed, Dr. Hickes, when reprinting it with other treatises in 1709, declared that after making due inquiry he had been unable to discover its author's name, or even whether he was a clergyman. Dean Addison left besides Joseph, his eldest son, three children by his first wife—she died, it is supposed, about 1686 (Notes and Queries, 5th series, vi. 350)- each of whom,' Steele says (second preface to the Drummer, Epistolary Correspondence, 1809, pp. 611-2), 'for excellent talents and singular perfection was as much above the ordinary world as their brother Joseph was above them.' Gulston (1673-1709), the dean's second son, after having been long in the service of the East India Company at Fort St. George, was appointed its governor in succession to Thomas Pitt (Chatham's grandfather), and died a few |