came, he was a second time ejected, i.e. from St. John's. In his farewell sermon, preached 17 Aug. 1662, he spoke thus memorably 'Let him never be accounted a sound christian that doth not fear God and honour the king. I beg that you would not suffer our nonconformity, for which we patiently bear the loss of our places, to be an act of unpeaceableness and disloyalty. We will do anything for his majesty but sin. We will hazard anything for him but our souls. We hope we could die for him, only we dare not be damned for him. We make no question, however we may be accounted of here, we shall be found loyal and obedient subjects at our appearance before God's tribunal.' Like Baxter, he could have gained a mitre for conformity by the influence of his friend the Earl of Radnor; but he was faithful to his conscience to the last.' He remained in Exeter after his ejection. Some of the magistrates, who were very severe against other dissenting ministers, yet favoured and connived at him.' Dr. Lamplugh, bishop of Exeter, quashed all procedure against him, and spoke very honourably of Mr. Adkins for his learning and moderation.' Notwithstanding he was called on to endure a good deal of suffering. He died 28 March 1685, aged 59. His funeral sermon was preached by George Trosse. There were published of his 'The Sin and Danger of Popery, in six sermons' (Exon. 1712, Svo) and his Farewell Sermon at St. John's' (Exon. 1715, 8vo).

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ADOLPH, ADOLF, or ADOLPHE, JOSEPH ANTONY (1729-1762), painter, born at Nikolsburg in Moravia, was the son of Joseph Frank Adolph, painter to Prince C. Max von Dietrichstein. He came to England in 1745; he painted an equestrian portrait of George III when Prince of Wales, which was engraved by Baron. The engraving was published in 1755. During his stay in England, which lasted for some years, Adolph is said to have been engaged chiefly as a portrait painter; but on his return to Austria he was employed in the decoration of interiors, adorning walls with frescoes, and painting the ceilings of large saloons. Three altarpieces by him are in the collegiate church of Nikolsburg. He died at Vienna, 17 Jan.

1762.

[Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon (edited by Meyer, 1872); Heineken's Diet. des Artistes dont nous avons des Estampes.] C. M.

ADOLPHUS FREDERICK, DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE (1774-1850), the tenth child and seventh son of King George III and Queen Charlotte, was born at the Queen's Palace, St. James's Park (now Buckingham Palace) in the evening of 24 Feb. 1774. On 2 June 1786 he was made a knight of the Garter, with three of his elder brothers; and on that occasion a new statute was read enlarging the number of the order, and ordaining that it should in future consist of the sovereign and twenty-five knights, exclusive of the sons of his majesty or his successors.' Having received his earlier education at Kew under Dr. Hughes and Mr. Cookson, he was sent, with his brothers Ernest and Augustus -afterwards severally Dukes of Cumberland and Sussex-to Göttingen, at the university of which they were entered on 6 July 1786. The three members of the little colony' sent by the king were highly delighted and pleased' with their academical pursuits and associations. I think,' writes the king to Bishop Hurd under date 30 July, Adolphus for the present seems the favourite of all, which, from his lively manners, is natural; but the good sense of Augustus will in the end prove conspicuous' (JESSE'S Memoirs of the Life and Reign of George III, ii, 531).

In 1793 Prince Adolphus Frederick, who had visited the court of Prussia to perfect his knowledge of military tactics, was appointed colonel in the Hanoverian army, and, after serving for a short time as a volunteer with the British forces before Dunkirk, arrived in England in September of the same year, towards the close of which he was appointed colonel of the Hanoverian guards. He served in the campaign of 1794-5 as colonel and major-general in General Walmoden's corps, and on 24 Aug. 1798 was promoted to be lieutenant-general in the Hanoverian service, from which he was transferred, 18 June 1803, with the same rank, to the British army, On 17 November following he was appointed to be colonel-in-chief of the king's German legion, a force in British pay, and destined for the relief of Hanover, then menaced, together with the rest of eastern and northern Europe, by the French armies. Disappointed, however, at the indifference of the Hanoverians to the honour and advantage of their connection with England, the prince presently returned to this country, leaving the British forces under the command of Count Walmoden, who soon afterwards surrendered.

Peerages fell comparatively late to the younger sons of George III, and were conferred simultaneously on the Princes Augustus-whose principal creation was that of

6

wrote a French romance, Histoire des Diables Modernes,' which is in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica' wrongly ascribed to the grandson. His father lived for a time in London on the liberality of a wealthy uncle, who provided the son with education, and sent him at the age of fifteen to be placed in the office of his agent for some estates in St. Kitts. Adolphus's chief occupation was attendance at the sittings of the one law court of the island, and in little more than a year he returned to London. His great-uncle was dead, having left him a sum which would not support him while studying for the law, but enabled him to be articled to an attorney. He was admitted an attorney in 1790, but after a few years abandoned his profession for literature. In 1793 he married Miss Leycester, a lady of good family and little fortune.' He acquired the friendship of Archdeacon Coxe by helping him in the Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole.' In 1799 appeared his first acknowledged work, Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution,' strongly anti-Jacobin in tone, and in this, as in other points, differing widely from the Biographical Anecdotes of the Founders of the French Republic,' published anonymously in 1797, and often but erroneously ascribed to Adolphus. He wrote the memoirs in the 'British Cabinet' (1799), a series of portraits of more or less distinguished Englishmen and Englishwomen, from Margaret of Richmond to the second Lord Hardwicke. In 1802 appeared his chief work, the History of England from the Accession of George III to the Conclusion of Peace in 1783.' It conveyed in a vigorous and perspicuous, if sometimes rather inflated style, the results of considerable industry; and though avowedly written in what would now be called a conservative spirit, Adolphus was praised in No. 2 of the Edinburgh Review' for perfect impartiality in narrating events and in collecting information.' Among its merits was the excellence of its summaries of parliamentary debates. The papers of Lord Melcombe (Bubb Dodington) had been placed at Adolphus's disposal in the preparation of his history, and they enabled him to throw light on the conduct of Lord Bute, and on the political transactions of the earlier years of the reign of George III, who, in conversation, expressed his surprise at the accuracy with which some of the first measures taken after his accession had been described (GEORGE ROSE'S Diaries and Correspondence (1860), ii. 189).

The success of the history and the friendly offices of Archdeacon Coxe brought Adolphus into close connection with Addington, then

prime minister, who gave him (HENDERSON'S Recollections, p. 98) a handsome salary' for political services which included energetic electioneering and occasional pamphleteering. In 1803 Adolphus published a History of France' from 1790 to the abortive peace of Amiens, and a pamphlet, 'Reflections on the Causes of the present Rupture with France,' in vindication of the policy of the English government. On the authority of his son is to be assigned to him 'A Letter to Robert' [Plumer] Ward, Esq., M.P.,' occasioned by his pamphlet entitled A View of the relative Situations of Mr. Pitt and Mr. Addington,' issued in 1804, a defence of Addington when Pitt had gone into opposition. Adolphus had meanwhile entered himself at the Inner Temple, and in 1807 he was called to the bar. He joined the home circuit, and devoted himself specially to the criminal branch of the law. At the Old Bailey he worked his way to the leadership, which he retained for many years. The first of his more notable forensic successes was his very able defence in 1820 of Thistlewood and the other Cato Street conspirators. Among the cases in which he subsequently distinguished himself were the trials of Thurtell, Greenacre, and Courvoisier. In 1818 he published, in four volumes, The Political State of the British Empire, containing a general view of the domestic and foreign possessions of the crown, the laws, commerce, revenue, offices, and other establishments, civil and military;' in 1824, Observations on the Vagrant Act and some other Statutes, and on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace,' in the main a protest against some grandmotherly legislation of the time; and in 1839 Memoirs of John Banister,' the comedian, with whom he had been personally intimate. His history had gone through four editions when, in his seventieth year, Adolphus began the task of continuing it to the death of George III. Vol. I. was re-issued in 1840, 'printed for the author,' and with a long list of subscribers from the queen and members of the royal family downwards. Vol. VII., closing with the fall of the Addington administration, appeared in 1845, and Adolphus was working at the eighth volume when, within a few weeks of entering his seventy-eighth year, he died on 16 July 1845. Besides the works already mentioned he wrote several chapters of Rivington's Annual Register' and papers for the British Critic.' His latest contributions to periodical literature were biographical sketches of Barons Garrow and Gurney for the Law Magazine. The anonymous Memoirs of Queen Caroline' (London,

2 vols., 1824) have been ascribed to him (Notes and Queries, 5th series, iv. 233–4).

reports of the cases tried in the King's and Queen's Bench from 1834 to 1852, when he was made by Lord St. Leonards judge of the Marylebone County Court. He was a bencher of the Inner Temple, and soon before his death, which occurred on 24 Dec. 1862, he had been appointed steward or legal adviser of his old Oxford college, St. John's. Adolphus was for years an active member of the General Literature Committee of the Christian Knowledge Society. He was the author of Letters from Spain in 1856 and 1857, published in 1858, and of many me

F. E.

ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862), barrister-at-law and author, was the son of John Adolphus [q. v.]. He received his first education at Merchant Taylors', and, as head monitor, was elected, in 1811, a scholar of St. John's College, Oxford. In 1814 he gained the Newdegate English verse prize, of which the subject was 'Niobe,' in 1816 took a second class in classics, and in 1818 was awarded the chancellor's prize for an English essay. In 1821 appeared anonymously the work which afterwards made his reputation, 'Letters to Richard Heber, Esq., containing critical remarks on the series of novels beginning with "Waverley," and an attempt to ascertain their author.' The volume displayed great acumen and remarkable delicacy. The demonstration that Sir Walter Scott was the author of the Waverley Novels rested chiefly on the coincidences of style, treatment, and sentiment in Scott's acknowledged poetry and prose, and in his then unacknowledged fictions; but collateral evidences of various kinds, accumulated with industry and detailed with much ingenuity, were amply adduced. Scott was highly pleased with the work. Writing to his friend Richard Heber, then member for the university of Oxford, to whom Adolphus had addressed his Letters, he expressed his belief that they were the handiwork of his correspondent's brother, Reginald, after wards bishop of Calcutta, and he spoke most favourably of the volume in the Introduction to the Fortunes of Nigel.' On learning who was the author, Scott gave him an invitation to Abbotsford, and Adolphus paid him several visits there between 1823 and 1831, of which he contributed interesting accounts to Lockhart's Life of Scott.'

In 1822 Adolphus was called to the bar of the Inner Temple. He joined the Northern circuit, and received the local rank of attorney-general of the then county palatine of Durham. In conjunction successively with R. V. Barnewall and T. F. Ellis, he produced

cuiteers, an Eclogue,' parodying the forensic style of two eccentric barristers on the northern circuit, Macaulay is said to have pronounced to be the best imitation he ever read' (Notes and Queries, 3rd series, v. 6). Adolphus was engaged in completing his father's History of England under George III' at the time of his death.

[The late Mr. John Adolphus, by D. C. L., Times 30 Dec. 1862; Memoir in Gentleman's Magazine for February 1863; Mrs. Henderson's Recollections of John Adolphus.]

F. E.

ADRAIN, ROBERT (1775-1843), mathematician, was born at Carrickfergus in Ireland, 30 Sept. 1775. He headed a company of insurgents in the rebellion of 1798, but contrived, though badly wounded, to escape to America, where he became a school teacher, first at Princeton, New Jersey, and afterwards at York and at Reading, Pennsylvania. In 1810 he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, NewJersey, passed thence, at the end of three years, to Columbia College, New York, and was transferred in 1827 to the university of Pennsylvania, where he attained the dignity of vice-provost, He appears to have returned to New York in 1834, and he certainly occupied his former post in Columbia College when he edited Ryan's Algebra,' in 1839. He died at New Brunswick, 10 Aug. 1843. His mathematical powers, and a creditable acquaintance with the work of French geometers, were displayed in two papers communicated to the American Philosophical Society in 1817 (Transactions, 1818, vol. i. new series), entitled respectively, Investigation of the Figure of the Earth, and of the Gravity in different Latitudes,' and Research concerning the mean Diameter of the Earth.' He started two journals for the discussion of mathematical subjects, the Analyst,' published at Philadelphia, 1808, &c., and the Mathematical Diary, of which eight numhers appeared at New York, 1825-7. He