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amplitude amplitude modulation angle antenna attenuation audio balanced modulator band bandpass bandwidth bias C₁ Calculate capacitance capacitor channel coil component crystal crystal oscillator cutoff frequency decibels demodulator detector diode dipole effective electron Emmax equivalent circuit example factor filter frequency modulation function gain harmonic impedance inductance inductor input signal ionospheric load loop magnetic field maximum mixer modulating signal modulation index noise power operation oscillator output voltage parallel phase shift phasor polar pulse Q factor quency R₁ R₂ radiation radio range ratio reactance receiver resistance resistor resonant frequency result scanning shown in Figure shows sideband sinusoidal spectrum switching synchronization telephone terminal tion transformer transistor transmission line transmitted tube tuned circuit V₁ velocity vertical voltage wave waveform waveguide wire zero