CONTENTS. The introduction and analysis of the term, from which Protes- tant takes its name, showing the scriptural, classic, mediæval THE WORD PROTESTANT-THE GERMAN REVOLT. The Continental revolt from Romanism, with some account of the incidents leading to the introduction of the term Protes- THE WORD PROTESTANT-REJECTED IN ENGLAND. The independent character of the Anglican Reformation, and the efforts of her legislators to restore the Church to her primitive catholicity.—The persistent effort of foreign Pro- testants to influence the advisers of Edward VI. and its immediate and lasting effects in causing division and dis- cord.—The jealous care of the Church to guard the spiritual PAGE CHAPTER V. THE WORD PROTESTANT-ADOPTED IN AMERICA. The introduction of the title "Protestant" into the American THE WORD PROTESTANT. CHAPTER I. IN LITERATURE. The Hebrew word y, protest, is an active verb, the hiphil of which is causative in relationship, and to the Semitic mind bore the declarative signification. I. It means, to take as a witness, to call any one to witness, to invoke, Deut. iv. 26 and xxx. 19. II. To testify, to bear witness, Absol. Amos iii. 13; against any one, 1 Kings xxi. 10; for any one, i. e. in his favor, Job xxix. 11; hence (a) to obtest, i. e. to affirm solemnly, to affirm, calling God to witness, Gen. xliii. 3. The man did solemnly affirm unto us, Deut. viii. 9; (b) to admonish solemnly, followed by an Acc. Lam. ii. 13; Ps. 1. 7; Jer. vi. 10; especially to chastise, to chide, Neh. xiii. 15; (c) solemnly to enjoin; hence used of any law given by God, 2 Kings, xvii. 15; his precepts which he had given them, Neh. ix. 34.1 I Samuel viii. 9. Howbeit yet protest solemnly unto them, and shew them, etc. 1 Gesenius's Hebrew Grammar and Lexicon. I Kings ii. 42. Protested unto thee, saying, etc. Jer. xi. 7. For I earnestly protested unto your fathers . . . rising early and protesting. Zech. iii. 3. And the Angel of the Lord protested unto Joshua. The use of the word, to protest, in the New Testament occurs in I Cor. xv. 31 and is translated into the corresponding Latin propter. The particle was common to the Attic Greek and is as old as Pindar, 521-441 B. C., Herodotus, 448-408 B. C., or the Tragedians. It was commonly employed in affirmations and oaths, and joined to an accusative of the persons (for the most part a Divinity) or the thing affirmed or sworn by. St. Paul was familiar with Greek literature, and his use of the word in this instance was diplomatic, to say the least. The Corinthians seemed to have interpreted his references to the Resurrection by the prevailing Platonism, which limited all happiness to a merely temporary existence, and St. Paul wrote that he protested or swore by their rejoicing over their conversion, which he equally experienced, but his glorying went deeper, and contemplated an eternity, to which he could attest by his daily dying, suffering, and sacrifice. The Latin translators of the New Testament rendered into propter, a contraction of propiter, which itself comes from prope, meaning near, hard by, at hand. The translators gave the figurative meaning to the word, in which sense it was classical and common as the following examples will show. In stating a cause. I., on account of, by reason of, from, for, because of. Cicero's (43 B. C.) Paradoxa 5, I, parere legibus propter metum, or Cæsar's (44 B. C.) Bellum Gallicum; propter frigora frumenta in agris matura non erant. Laberius (60 B. C.) ap. Non. 53, 26, propter viam fit sacrificium quod est proficiscendi gratia, to sacrifice on account of a journey. Palladius (210 A. D.), propter injuriam, to avoid injury. II. By means of, through, (a) referring to persons in whom lies the cause of a thing; Cicero's oratio pro Milone, propter quos vivit; through whom he lives, to whom he owes life, (b) referring to things by means of which anything takes place, Varro (26 B. C.) De Re Rustica 3, 2, 11, quid enim refert, utrum propter ores, an propter aves frustus capias? Virgilius (17 B. C.) Æ. 12, 177, quam propter tantos potui perferre labores. Nǹ is also used in the Septuagint, Gen. xlii. 15, 16 (by the life of Pharaoh), which is rendered by per in the Latin Vulgate. Granting for the sake of argument that the word "protest " on the lips of Hebrew Prophets, or the Apostle St. Paul, is to be interpreted in an affirmative sense, it would have no bearing upon the modern philology of the word, as Hebrew and Greek were comparatively unknown to |