they who are deficient in the practice of them; yet pay them the decent respect to think and to speak well of them.

"There is no man who does not condemn fraud, malice, cruelty, treachery, ingratitude, injustice, especially when he is made to expe rience the ill effects of them.

"No man ever acted uprightly and honourably who did not feel a calm serenity, a complacency, and satisfaction; none ever pursued wicked courses without some degree of shame and regret, and self-condemnation, aud some struggles of expiring virtue.

"None, except here and there a brute, ever received great favours and benefits, who had not, out of mere natural ingenuousness, a grateful sense of them, and an intention to testify it, and to make somewhat of a return.

"No man, except hardened by a long course of villainy, ever saw others in great pain, and want, and sorrow, and distress, and found not a disposition to commiserate and assist them, though he could expect from them no other return than thanks."-Jortin.

LABOUR

HAS been divided with the view of increasing its advantages to society; the subject is thus ingeniously explained.

"THE effects of the division of labour in the general business of society, will be more easily understood by taking an example from a very trifling manufacture; namely, the trade of a pin. maker. This business is divided into a number of branches, of which the greater part are pe. culiar trades. One man draws out the wire;

another straightens it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on is a dis-, tinct business; to whiten the pins is another; and it is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper.

"Pin-making being thus divided into distinct operations, a small manufactory composed of ten persons, and but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, can produce forty-eight thousand pins in a day. Each person may therefore be considered as making four thousand eight hundred pins in a day; but had they wrought separately and independently, the best workman among them could not have made twenty, and perhaps not one pin in a day.

"A great part of the machines made use of in manufactures in which labour is most subdivided, were originally the inventions of common workmen; who, being each of them employed in some very simple operation, natu. rally turned their thoughts towards finding out easier and readier methods of performing it.

"In the first fire-engines, a boy was con. stantly employed to open and shut alternately the communication between the boiler and the cylinder, accordingly as the piston either ascended or descended. One of these boys, who loved to play with his companions, observed, that by tying a string, from the handle of the valve which opened this communication, to another part of the machine, the valve would open and shut without his assistance, and leave him at liberty to divert himself with his play. fellows. One of the greatest improvements that have been made upon this machine since it was

first invented, was in this manner the discovery of a boy who wanted to save his own labour." Adam Smith.

COVERING OF ANIMALS

Is curious, and has engaged the special atten. tion of the natural historian; its variety chal. lenges admiration.

"THE covering of animals is, both for its variety, and its suitableness to their several natures, as much to be admired as any part of their structure. There are bristles, hair, wool, fur, feathers, quills, prickles, scales: yet in this diversity both of material and form, we cannot change one animal's coat for another, without evidently changing it for the worse; taking care however to remark, that these coverings are intended for protection as well as warmth.

"Man alone can clothe himself; and this is one of the properties which render him an animal of all climates, and of all seasons. He can adapt the warmth or lightness of his covering to the temperature of his habitation.

"What art however, does for men, nature has, in many instances, done for those animals which are incapable of art. Their clothing, of its own accord, changes with their necessities. This is particularly the case with that large tribe of quadrupeds which are covered with furs. Every dealer in hare-skins and rabbit. skins, knows how much the fur is thickened by the approach of winter. It seems to be a part of the same design of the Power who created all things, that wool in hot countries, most happily for the animal's ease, passes into hair; while

re

on the contrary, hair, in the dogs of the polar regions, is turned into wool. To which also may be referred what naturalists have marked, that bears, wolves, foxes, and hares, which do not take the water, have the fur much thicker on the back than the belly ; whereas in the beaver it is the thickest upon the belly, as also are the feathers in water-fowl. We know the final cause of all this, and we know no other.

its

"The covering of birds cannot escape the most vulgar observation; its lightness, smoothness, its warmth, its singular beauty. The disposition of the feathers all inclined backward, the down about their stem, the overlapping of their tips, their different configu ration in different parts, not to mention the va riety of their colours; constitute a vestment for the body, so beautiful and so appropriate to the life which the animal is to lead, as that I think we should have had no conception of any thing equally perfect, if we had never seen it; nor can now imagine any thing more so." Dr. Paley.

VARIETY OF LABOUR

APPEARS from the construction of almost every thing which is made to enrich or adora human life.

"The woollen coat which covers the day. labourer, coarse and rough as it may appear, is the produce of the joint labour of a great multitude of workmen. The shepherd, the sorter of the wool, the wool-comber or carder, the dyer, the scribbler, the spinner, the wea ver, the fuller, the dresser, with many others,

must join their different arts to complete even this homely production.

"How much commerce and navigation, how many ship-builders, sailors, sail-makers, and rope-makers, must have been employed in order to bring together the different drugs made use of by the dyer, which often come from the remotest corners of the world!

"To say nothing of such complicated machines as the ship of the sailor, the mill of the fuller, or even the loom of the weaver, let us consider only what a variety of labour is requisite in order to form that very simple machine, the shears with which the shepherd clips the wool. The miner, the builder of the furnace for smelting the ore, the feller of the timber, the burner of the charcoal to be made use of in the smelting-house, the brick-maker, the brick-layer, must all of them join their different arts in order to produce them.

"Were we to examine in the same manner all the different parts of his dress and household furniture, the coarse linen shirt he wears, his shoes, the bed he lies on, and all the parts which compose it, the kitchen grate at which he prepares his victuals, the coals dug for that purpose from the bowels of the earth, and brought to him perhaps by a long sea and long land carriage, all the other utensils of his kitchen, and the furniture of his table; the different hands employed in preparing his bread and his beer, the glass window which lets in the heat and the light, and keeps out the wind and the rain, with all the knowledge and art requisite for preparing that beautiful and happy invention; if we examine all these things, and consider what a variety of labour is employed about each of them, we shall be sensible, that