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Now Ready.

Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Very Fully
Illustrated. 25s. net.

THE METALLURGY OF STEEL.

By F. W. HARBORD, A.R.S.M., F.I.C.

With a section on The Mechanical Treatment of Steel, by J. W. HALL, A.M.1.C.E. With 37 Plates, 280 Illustrations in the Text, and nearly 100 Photo-micr graphs of Steel.

Just Out. In Large Crown 8vo, with 201 Illustrations. 6s. net.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN OF BEAMS, CIRDERS,
AND COLUMNS IN MACHINES AND STRUCTURES.
By W. H. ATHERTON, M.Sc., M.I. Mech. E.

In Medium 8vo. Handsome Cloth. With over 100 Illustrations. 10s. 6d. net.
CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK:
Being Notes on the Practical Aspect and the Principles of Design. Together
with an Account of the Present Methods and Tools of Manufacture.
By A. W. FARNSWORTH, A.M.I.Mech. E.

In Large Crown 8vo. Cloth. Fully Illustrated. 5s. net.

OIL FUEL: Its Supply, Composition, and Application.

By SYDNEY H. NORTH,

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The 'WILSON' SELF-RECORDING ELECTRICAL RAIN GAUGE.

Records auto-
matically on a

Weekly Chart.

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MAY BE OBTAINED THROUGH ANY OPTICIAN.

If any difficulty be found in securing any of our Instruments through your Dealer kindly communicate with the Manufacturers.

PASTORELLI & RAPKIN,

(Established 1750),

Contractors to H. M. Government,

LTD.

46, HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, E.C.

Telephone No. 1981, Holborn. Telegrams-"Rapkin, London." ACTUAL WHOLESALE) MAKERS OF ALL KINDS OF METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS.

Write for Circular.

VOLUMETRIC

APPARATUS

Verified and Stamped
at the

NATIONAL

PHYSICAL

LABORATORY.

JOHN J. GRIFFIN & SONS, Ltd.,

SARDINIA STREET,

LONDON, W.C.

THURSDAY, MAY 11, 1905.

FLOW OF UNDERGROUND AND RIVER
WATERS.

By

Essais d'Hydraulique souterraine et fluviale.
Edmond Maillet, Ingénieur des Ponts et Chaussées.
Pp. vi+218. (Paris: Librairie scientifique, A. Her-
mann, 1905.) Price 11 francs.

THIS

HIS treatise, which was presented in the first instance to the Academy of Sciences of Paris in 1903, is divided into two parts, the first theoretical and the second practical, to which a paper has been appended, mainly of a practical nature, on the curves of the discharge of springs and the abatement of river floods. The book is addressed to mathematicians, physicists, geologists, geographers, meteorologists, engineers, and all who are interested in the motion and the distribution of rainfall, both on the surface of the land and underground; and its object is to investigate theoretically and practically the variations in the discharge of springs, and the low-water flow of rivers, in order to be able to foretell the amount of this minimum flow, precisely as the height of the floods of rivers is predicted, as already effected in certain cases by French hydraulicians, such as Dupuit, Belgrand, Lemoine, de Preaudeau and others, and also recently by the author with respect to two of the sources of the River Vanne.

three following laws :-(1) A certain number of hydrological facts, corresponding to the low stages, or minima discharges, of springs or watercourses, in many cases depend almost exclusively on the total rainfall of several preceding warm and cold seasons. It is only in the case of restricted watersheds that the rainfall of the last one or two cold seasons exercises a predominating influence, the number of preceding years on which the results depend increasing in proportion to the size of the basin. The preceding warm seasons have less influence than the following cold seasons; and they both have less influence in proportion as they date further back, though this loss of influence varies inversely with the size of the basin. The immediately preceding spring and summer rainfalls may introduce an element of disturbance if they are heavy and widespread, supposing that the permeable strata predominate in the basin; but where the basin is almost wholly permeable, the rainfall of the preceding warm seasons may often be neglected. (2) The lowest level at a given point of a watercourse in any year is approximately a function of the minimum level of the preceding year, and of the amount of rain during the preceding cold season, and some preceding months of the warm season if very wet or very dry, provided the proportion of impermeable strata in the basin is small. In the case of many watercourses, the minimum yearly level varies little from year to year; and a succession of several years, or several cold seasons, more rainy or more dry than M. Maillet believes that he is the first to have in- the average, is needed to produce modifications, dicated a method by which exact quantitative dis- which, moreover, are slow and progressive with the charges can be systematically predicted, such as a lapse of time. (3) In the Seine basin, the low-water graphic curve, based upon Dausse's law concerning levels at given points of many of the watercourses the permeable strata of the Seine basin, enabled him draining almost wholly permeable strata, differ little to determine the yearly minima discharges of two from their mean secular height. These variations sources of the Vanne several months beforehand. cannot be abrupt, except under the immediate inLater on, by means of the hypothesis of a particular fluence of rainy summers on the impermeable strata form of the free water-surface, he succeeded in obtain- of the basin; and in any case they would be proing a law which proved to be in accordance with ex-gressive, as a result of a gradual increase in the mean perience, as indicated in the first half of the theoretical pretion of the book. In the second half of this portion, the stability, or the nature of the motion of underground waters, under different conditions, is investigated, allowing for the increase in volume produced by rain; and assuming a simple form for the impermeable bed over which the water flows, it is shown that where the line of the bed is convex upwards the maximum height of the flood will be rapidly attained, and where concave, the flood will rise slowly, and that the influence of a part of the stream on the maximum will be greater in proportion to the fall of the bed. The connection, also, between the low-water levels, or mirima discharges, at any point of a waterwurse or spring and the rainfall, is considered in as | general a form as possible; and it is proved that, in practice, the lowest discharge may often be regarded as a function of the combined rainfall of the preceding hot and cold seasons, and experiences very slight variations from year to year, especially in large river basins, unless the warm season is very rainy and impermeable strata intervene.

The results of the theoretical investigations comprived in the first six chapters are summed up in the

rainfall for a certain number of years. Subject to these reservations, an appreciable variation in the low-water level must be due to other than meteorological causes.

The second, practical, part of the book occupies little more than a third of the space devoted to theoretical considerations, though divided into ten chapters, which are, consequently, very short for the most part. It contains some practical applications of the views and theories developed in the first part, to the prediction of various hydrological phenomena, and also some experimental verifications; and the works of Belgrand, and the observations and publications of the hydrometric service of the Seine basin, form the basis of this inquiry. After a very brief introduction, the chapters deal successively with proportion of rainfall which feeds underground waters, prediction of the drying up of the sources of the Somme from the rainfall, prediction of the discharges of Cérilly spring, a source of the Vanne, prediction of the minima dicharges of the sources of the Vanne, application to the sources of the Dhuis, prediction of the low-water levels of the Marne at La Chaussée, drying up of the Laignes, remarks on springs supplying Havre, and

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THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF CRAWFORD, K.T., LL.D., F.R S.
MR. THOS. R. DALLMEYER, F.R.A.S.
THE HON. ALBAN G. H. GIBBS, M.A., M.P..

Master of the Worshipful Co. of Spectacle Makers.

SIR HOWARD GRUBB, F.R.S.

THE RIGHT HON THE LORd Kelvin, O.M., G.C.V.O., F.R.S. THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD Rayleigh, O.M., D.C.L., F.R.S. THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF ROSSE, K.P., D.C.L., F.R.S.

THE OPTICAL CONVENTION will be held at the NORTHAMPTON INSTITUTE, CLERKENWELL, E.C., from May 31 to June 3, inclusive.

The object of the Convention is to bring into co-operation those interested in Optical Matters, from all sides of the question, theoretical, practical, and commercial.

The mornings will be devoted to papers and discussions on Optical subjects. These will be collected in a volume to be issued by the Convention.

There will be an

EXHIBITION OF OPTICAL & SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS

of British manufacture, in the large hall of the Northampton Institute, during the Convention, open daily from 12 to 10 p.m. In connection with this, a catalogue is in preparation, which will be a useful work of reference in regard to instruments manufactured in this country. The Subscription for Membership of the Convention will be five shillings. Applications for membership should be addressed to the Hon. Sec., Mr. F. J. SELBY, M.A., Elm Lodge, Teddington, Middlesex, who will be glad to furnish further particulars if desired. ADMISSION to the Exhibition, daily, ONE SHILLING, after 7 p.m., Šixpence. Tickets admitting to the Exhibition at any time while it is open, 2/6.

ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. The ANNIVERSARY MEETING of the Society for the ELECTION of PRESIDENT and COUNCIL, &c., will be held in the THEATRE, BURLINGTON GARDENS, on Monday, May 22, at 3 p.m., the PRESIDENT in the Chair.

In place of the Annual Dinner of the Society a BANQUET in honour of the retiring President, Sir Clements R. Markham, K.C.B., will be held on the Evening of the Anniversary Meeting, May 22, at the Hotel Metropole, Whitehall Rooms, Whitehall Place, at 7.0 p.m. for 7.30. Dinner charge. Friends of Fellows are admissible to the dinner as far as space will LI IS. permit. Applications for tickets should be made to the Chief Clerk, 1 Savile Row, Burlington Gardens, W.

Hon.

LEONARD DARWIN,} Secretaries.

J. F. HUGHES,

1 Savile Row, Burlington Gardens, W.

THE AGENT-GENERAL for the CAPE OF GOOD HOPE has been instructed to receive applications for the vacant post of PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY to the SOUTH AFRICAN COLLEGE, CAPE TOWN, up to June 1 next. Candidates must be under 35 years of age, and their applications should be supported by copies of testimonials and a medical certificate. The salary offered is £500 per annum on appointment, £600 per annum after three years' service, £700 per annum after ten years' service, together with a merit grant of £75 per annum after five years, increasing to 100 after ten years.

An allowance of £50 will be made to cover the cost of the journey to the Colony.

The accepted Candidate is to assume duty in Cape Town during the first week in July, or so soon thereafter as possible.

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BREAM BUILDINGS, CHANCERY LANE, E.C. FACULTY OF SCIENCE.

Chemistry

Physics ...

Mathematics

DAY AND Evening courses.

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J. E. MACKENZIE, Ph.D., D.Se

•{Hi. W B.Sc.

(ALBERT GRIFFITHS, D.Sc.
D. OWEN, B.A., B.Sc.
B. W. CLACK, B.Sc.
(E. H. SMART, M.A.
(W. G. BIRT, B.A., B.Sc.

JA. B. RENDLE, M.A., D.Sc.

Botany
F. E. FRITSCH, Ph.D., B.Sc.
Zoology...
H. W. UNTHANK, B.A., B.Sc.
Geology & Mineralogy
GEO. F. HARRIS, F.G.S.
Assaying, Metallurgy & Mining. GEO. PATCHIN, A.R.S.M.
RESEARCH in Chemistry and Physics in well-equipped laboratories.
French, German, Spanish, Russian, Dutch, & Italian Classes.
EVENING CLASSES also in Biology, Physiology, Practical Geometry.
Building and Machine Construction, Steam, Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics, Land and Quantity Surveying, and Estimating.
Calendar 6d. (post free 3d.), on application to the SECRETARY.

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Manresa Road, Chelsea, S. W., Day College Courses of thirty hours per week are conducted in preparation for the London University Degrees of B.Sc. in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, in Chemistry, Physics and the Natural Sciences. The composition fee for the Session of three terms, 1904-1905. is £15. These Courses are recog nised for "Internal Students of the University, and consist of lecture and laboratory instruction. The Courses are conducted by :MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, W. W. F. Pullen, A. Macklow Smith; ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, A J. Makower; CHEMISTRY, J. B. Coleman, J. C. Crocker, and F. H. Lowe; MATHEMATICS and PHYSICS, S. Skinner, W. H. Eccles, J. Lister and L. Lownds; BOTANY, H. B. Lacey and T. G. Hill; GEOLOGY, A. J. Masien. In the evenings similar Courses will be conducted, but at £2 per Session. Also TECHNICAL DAY COURSES of three years' duration are arranged as a preparation for the Engineering, Electrical and Chemical and Metallurgical professions. The Laboratories and Workshop are open for RESEARCH under the direction of The Principal and the Heads of Departments.

Further particulars may be obtained on application to The SECRETARY, who will send either the Day College Prospectus and Calendar or the Evening Class Prospectus for 31d. The Prospectuses may be had at the Office for id. each.

HIGHER MATHEMATICS

FOR SCIENCE AND OTHER STUDENTS.

Correspondence Tuition by highly qualified graduates of

Oxford, Cambridge, London and Royal Universities, in Algebra, Trigonometry, Theoretical Mechanics, Differ ential and Integral Calculus, Pure Geometry, Geometrical Drawing. &c. Departments are at work preparing for London and Royal University Examinations, Science and Art, Civil Service Examinations, and all Prof. Preliminaries -Apply to Mr. J. CHARLESTON, B.A., Burlington Correspondence College, Clapham Common, London, S. W.

BATTERSEA

POLYTECHNIC,

BATTERSEA PARK ROAD, S. W.

Principal-SIDNEY H. WELLS, Wh.Sc., A.M.I.C. E., A.M.I.M.E. A special SUMMER COURSE of Eight Lectures, followed by Laboratory Work in GAS ANALYSIS, will be held by Mr. J. WILSON, M.Sc. (Head of Chemical Department), on Wednesday Evenings, commencing May 17. Lecture, 7.15 to 8.15. Lab., 8.15 to 9.45. Fee, 5$.

For other special courses for Int. and Final B.Sc., see prospectus,

The "N" Fellowship, tenable at Cambridge

and open to former science students of Newnham and Girton Colleges, will be vacant in the autumn. The holder is required to conduct original research in science during her tenure of the fellowship, with preference to the chemical physiology of animals and plants. Applications must be sent in by June 8 to the PRINCIPAL OF NEW SHAM COLLEGE, from whom further particulars may be obtained.

For other Scholastic Advertisements, see page xvi.

TYPE-WRITING

UNDERTAKEN BY HIGHLY EDUCATED WOMEN ACCUSTOMED TO SCIEN TIFIC MSS. (Classical Tripos, Intermediate Arts, Cambridge Higher Local, thorough acquaintance with Modern Languages) Research, Revision, Translation. Scale of charges on application. The Cam

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1 BELMONT STREET, CHALK FARM, N.W.

RADIUM BROMIDE

OF THE HIGHEST ACTIVITY
IN 5 mg. TUBES.

Only a Few Tubes left.

ARM BRECHT, NELSON & CO.,

71 & 73 DUKE STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE, W. Telephone: GERRARD, 4942.

THE SYTAM SYSTEM

Saves an incredible amount of wall space and completely utilises dark corners, recesses, and out-of-the-way places.

Prevents crowding and confusion.

Allows for extension as and when required. Always room for more, hence reorganisation seldom or never necessary.

Saves time, lightens work, and increases comfort by producing perfect order in the Laboratory, Library, Study, Home, Office, &c.

SOME SYTAM FITTINGS.

1. THE BOTTLE ELEMENT.

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For division of subject into headings, chapters or sections.

18-inch Apps-Newton Coil for sale, in perfect 5. THE TWIN DESK TRAYS.

condition. No trace of oxidation on the vulcanite. G. BowRON, 57 Edgware Road, W.

Metallurgical Laboratory, well equipped for experimental work, to let at low rent. One minute from Station. Fifteen minutes to City. Apply MARSHALL & Co., Campbell Works, Stoke Newington, N. (close to Station, G.E.R.). Tel., 79 Dal-ton.

6. THE PAMPHLET FILE.

THE SYTAM FITTINGS CO., 18 & 19 BASINGHALL BUILDINGS, LEEDS.

Apparatus for estimation of sulphur in eit oxide

NEW DOUBLE

COX'S IMPROVED

SURFACE CONDENSER. HIGH FREQUENCY APPARATUS

THE "IDEAL."

This is the best and cheapest Condenser on the market; all delicate parts are protected by outer jacket, and the water cannot overflow into the distillate. Made in two sizes, 6" and 8", 4/6 and 5/6 each.

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NATURE says:-"This is one of the most compact and efficient condensers which has come before our notice. We have tested it for condensing such volatile substances as ether, carbon disulphide, and acetone, and have found that even with rapid distillation the condensation is very complete. Generally speaking, in order to condense these substances satisfactorily, it is necessary to employ a very long condenser; of course, this means using a great amount of bench space. As the new condensers are used in a perpendicular position, the saving in space is very great.'

SOLE MAKERS

BREWSTER, SMITH & CO.,

6 CROSS STREET, FINSBURY PAVEMENT, LONDON, E.C. All kinds of Apparatus for Science Teaching.

FREDK. JACKSON & Co.

(Late MOTTERSHEAD & CO.),

14 CROSS STREET, MANCHESTER

Goods Entrance: 10 Half-Moon Street.

LABORATORY FURNISHERS,

Importers, Manufacturers, and Dealers in
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
APPARATUS

Of every Description.

Fine Chemicals, Volumetric Solutions, Plain and Stoppered Bottles,

AND EVERY LABORATORY REQUIREMENT. Illustrated Catalogue of Apparatus, with Price List of Chemicals, free on application. Telegraphic Address-" APPARATUS, MANCHESTER." Telephone Number-2238.

SECOND-HAND TELESCOPES.

6 in. Dallmeyer Equatorial, Clock, complete, £100. 4 in. Alvan Clark, Equatorial by Cooke, £50. Several 3 in. Student Telescopes, by leading makers, £4 10s., £6 10s., £8 10s., £10. SECOND-HAND SPECTROSCOPES. Single, 2, and 3 Prism, by Browning, £4 10s., £8 10s., £10. SECOND-HAND MICROSCOPES. Watson's Edinburgh H., 3 powers and fittings, complete, as new, £16 10s. Swift Army Bacteria, complete, £15. Leitz 2b, with rack, substage, and fittings, £6 10s.

MANY OTHERS, ALL KINDS. LISTS ON APPLICATION. A. CLARKSON & CO.,

28 BARTLETT'S BUILDINGS, HOLBORN CIRCUS, LONDON.

ALFRED E. DEAN,

THE LARGEST MAKER IN ENGLAND of Apparatus in all Departments of

ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS

Including Radiography, High Frequency, Hydro-Electric and Light Baths, Finsen and other Light, Cautery, Electrolysis, &c. INDUCTION COILS AND STATIC MACHINES A SPECIALITY. CONTRACTOR TO THE WAR OFFICE, INDIA OFFICE, AND ADMIRALTY, BRITISH AND FOREIGN HOSPITALS, &C.

LISTS ON APPLICATION.

This apparatus, when working off a 10 in. Coil, will give from 800 to 1000 milli amperes.

Price, as illustrated,

L but with New Pattern

Spark Gap and New
Connections,

£12.

Chaplin's Universal Holder & Electrodes,

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Full particulars of above, and all other forms of ElectroTherapeutic Apparatus, are contained in our ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE in X-RAYS, &c. (including Instructions to Beginners), post free.

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