COUNTY COUNCIL OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE. EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.

SECONDARY SCHOOLS.

The West Riding Education Committee will require in September the services of :

ONE ASSISTANT MASTER to teach principally Mathematics. Salary, 10 per annum. TWO ASSISTANT MISTRESSES to teach principally Science. Salary, 120 each per annum.

ONE ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach principally Mathematics and Physical Exercises. Salary, £120 per annum. ONE ASSISTANT MISTRESS with special qualifications for preparatory work. Salary, £120 per annum.

ONE ASSISTANT MISTRESS to teach principally English and Physical Exercises. Salary, 100 per annum.

Applications for these posts must be made on forms to be obtained from the Education Department (Secondary), County Hall, Wakefield, where they must be returned not later than Saturday, July 29, 1905. Copies of not more than three recent testimonials must be sent with the application. Canvassing will be a disqualification.

COUNTY COUNCIL OF THE
WEST RIDING OF YORKSHIRE.
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.

HIGHER EDUCATION.

The West Riding Education Committee will require in September the services of TWO MASTERS (one qualified in Science and Mathematics, and one in English and General Subjects) for the purpose of conducting Courses of Instruction for Groups of Elementary Teachers and undertaking some teaching in Secondary Schools, at £200 each per annum.

Applications for these posts must be made on forms to be obtained from the Education Department (Secondary), County Hall, Wakefield, where they must be returned not later than Saturday, July 2), 1905 Copies of not more than three recent testimonials must be sent with the application. Canvassing will be a disqualification.

To SCIENCE and MATHL

MASTERS.— Important School

REQUIRED (1) Graduate for Science and Maths. near London. Salary, 120 to 150, resident. (2) PRINCIPAL of Technical Institute and Teacher of Electricity, L200 to £250. (3) Degree not necesAssistant Master for General Elementary Science. 4140 to sary. 22 hours' work a week. Technical Institute in Kent. £169, non-res. (4) Two Masters required for Physics and Chemistry under Dept. of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, 100 each, resident. Important Schools in Ireland. (5) Graduate mainly for Practical Science. £80 to £100, resident. Grammar School. (6) Maths. to Scholarship Stand. £120, resident. Preparatory School. (7) Mathematical Master for County School. £120, non-res. (8) Chemistry, Physics and Maths. £125, non-res. County School. For particulars of the above and many other vacancies, address: GRIFFITHS, SMITH, POWELL & SMITH, Tutorial Agen s (Estd. 1833), 34 Bedford St., Strand.

WANTED for WOLMER'S

SCHOOL,

KINGSTON, JAMAICA, by September 12, 1905, an ASSISTANT MASTER to take charge of the Science Teaching (Physics and Chemistry) throughout the School, and to teach ordinary class subjects in addi ion. Salary, £150 (One Hundred and Fifty Pounds) per annum, non-resident. Passage money to Jamaica (18) will be paid, but must be refunded by the Master appointed if he resigns within twelve months; 12 to be refunded on resignation in the second year; £6 on resignation in the third year. Medical certificate of health required. Apply, stating scientific qualifications, subsidiary subjects, &c., and enclosing testimonials, to W. CoWPER, M.A., Headmaster, Wolmer's School, Kingston, Jamaica. Applications made in response to this advertisement (those already made need not be repeated) should be posted not later than Thursday, July 27.

COUNTY COUNCIL OF DURHAM.

SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND PUPIL
TEACHERS' CENTRES.

HEAD AND ASSISTANT TEACHERS REQUIRED.

A MALE HEAD TEACHER (married) is required for Chester-leStreet, and a number of LADY ASSISTANT TEACHERS are required for various Secondary Schools and Pupil Teachers' Centres. Full particulars with forms of application are now obtainable. Applications must be delivered before to a.m. on July 24, 1905, to THE SECRETARY FOR HIGHER

CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON

INSTITUTE.

RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS IN CHEMISTRY.

The Research Fellowships founded by the Salters' and the Leathersellers' Companies for the encouragement of Higher Research in Chemistry in its relation to Manufactures, tenable at the City and Guilds Central Technical College, being now vacant, the Executive Committee of the Institute are prepared to receive applications from candidates. The grants made by each Company to the Institute for this purpose are £150 a year. Copies of the schemes under which the Fellowships are awarded may be had from the HONORARY SECRETARY OF THE INSTITUTE, Gresham College, Basinghall Street, E.C.

THE GROCERS' COMPANY'S

SCHOLARSHIPS.

With the object of encouraging original research in Sanitary Science, the Grocers' Company offer TWO SCHOLARSHIPS, each of £300 a year, with an allowance to meet the cost of apparatus and other expenses in connection with the work, tenable for one year, but renewable for a second or third year, subject to the conditions of the scheme under which they are established.

The next Election will take place in May, 1906.

Applications must be sent in before April 1 to the CLERK OF THE GROCERS' COMPANY, Grocers' Hall, London, E.C.. from whom a form of application and further information may be obtained.

A large Manufacturing Company is open to engage in a confidential position a young Englishman who possesses thorough knowledge of Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic, and who understands the elements of Mechanical Engineering. A knowledge of French and German desirable. State age and family connections, and where education has been acquired. Reply to "MANUFACTURER,' c/o STREET'S, 30 Cornhill, London, E.C.

FOR SALE.-Polarimeter by Schmidt and Haench, nearly new, cost £23; three platinum dishes, 425, 407, 308 grains; two crucibles, 199, 197 grains, and lids 92 and 42 grains; Spatula, 129 grains, also 12 grs. of plat. foil; two balances, long beam, good condition. What offers?-Mrs. ACKROYD, 9 Grandsmere Place, Halifax, Yorks.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, READING.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. WANTED, an ASSISTANT ANALYTICAL CHEMIST. For further particulars apply to the REGISTRAR.

Young Man seeks post as Chemical Lecture, or Junior, Assistant. At present Laboratory Assistant in large public school (nearly three years)." No. 1563," c/o NATURE

For other Scholastic Advertisements, see pages cii and ciii.

F. E. BECKER & CO. (W. and J. George, Ltd., Successors), 159 and 160 Great Charles Street. PHILIP HARRIS & Co., Ltd., Edmund Street.

Dublin.

F. E. BECKER & CO. (W. and
J. George, Ltd., Successors), 182
Great Brunswick Street.
PHILIP HARRIS & Co., Ltd.,
179 Great Brunswick Street.
Glasgow.

F. E. BECKER & CO. (W. and
J. George, Ltd., Successors), 36
Renfrew Street.
Leeds.

&

Co..

Manchester. FREDK. JACKSON 14 Cross Street. JAMES WOOLLEY, SONS & Co., Ltd., Victoria Bridge. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. BRADY & MARTIN, Ltd. London. BAIRD & TATLOCK (London) Ltd., 14 Cross Street, Hatton Garden, E.C.

F. E. BECKER & Co. (W. and J. George, Ltd., Successors), 33 to 37 Hatton Wall, Hatton Garden, E.Č. A. GALLENKAMP & Co., Ltd., 19 & 20 Sun Street. Finsbury, E.C.

THE JOURNAL OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.

CONDUCTED BY

PRINCIPAL SIR WILLIAM TURNER AND

PROFESSORS D. J. CUNNINGHAM, G. S. HUNTINGTON,
A. MACALISTER, and J. G. M'KENDRICK.
Vol. XXXIX. New Series-Vol. XIX. Part IV.-July, 1905.
CONTENTS.

Walter H. Gaskell, F.R.S. Origin of Vertebrates.

F. G. Parsons, F. R.C.S. Pressure Epiphyses.

Walter Kidd. Papillary Ridges in Man.

Wm. Wright, D.Sc. Skulls from the Round Barrows of East Yorkshire. Gillman Moorhead, M.D. A Sirenomelian Monster.

G. J. Jenkins, M.D. Cranio-cerebral Topography.

John Cameron, M. D. The Development of the Retina.
D. Macrae Aitken. Variations of the Tibia and Astragalus.
M. Berthelot. Limits of the Sensibility to Odours.
Charles R. Whittaker. Abnormality of the Renal Arteries.
Edward Fawcett, M. B. Ossification of the Lower Jaw.
Bertram C. A. Windle, M.D. Recent Teratological Literature.
Proceedings of Anatomical Society.

Ltd., 20-26 Sardinia Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.

Street,

34

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LIQUID AIR AND LIQUID HYDROGEN.

Dr. HAMPSON'S AIR-LIQUEFIER is now made to a standard pattern, and numbers are in use in University Laboratories and elsewhere in various countries. The whole apparatus is neat and compact and its parts very easily moved; the Liquefier, without stand, being a cylinder 17 inches bigh and 8 inches in diameter.

It begins to liquefy air in from 6 to 10 minutes after the admission of air at from 150 to 200 atmospheres pressure, making over a litre of liquid per hour.

It requires no auxiliary refrigerant and produces a perfectly clear liquid which requires no filtering.

The operator has only one gauge to watch and one valve to control. HYDROGEN LIQUEFIER to the designs of Dr. MORRIS W. TRAVERS for use in conjunction with Air-Liquefier.

For Prices and Particulars apply to the Sole Makers :BRIN'S OXYGEN COMPANY, LIMITED, ELVERTON STREET, WESTMINSTER, S. W.

CHEMICALS

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For Laboratory, Scientific, and all other
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RADIUM SALTS & RADIO-ACTIVE PREPARATIONS.
CALCIUM METAL, 1/6 oz.; 20/- lb.
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HARRINGTON BROS.,

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GAMBRELL BROS

MANUFACTURERS OF

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CLAPHAM COMMON, LONDON, S.W.

Discussion on "Units and Standards"; "The Alternating Current Series Motor" (with discussion), by F. CREEDY; "Earthing" (with discussion), by W. W. LACKIE (Glasgow Local Section); "Notes on Some Effects in Three-Phase Working," by W. M. THORNTON, D.Sc. (Newcastle Local Section), (with discussion); "Mechanical Construction of Steam Turbines and Turbo-Generators" (with discussion), by W. J. A. LONDON (Manchester Local Section); On Shunt Resistances and "The Temperature Compensation for Ammeters," by ALBERT CAMPBELL; Dissymmetry of a Three-Phase System," by A. B. FIELD.

Messrs. E. & F. N. SPON, Ltd., 57 Haymarket, S.W.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

The Cambridge Physical Series.

General Editors-F. H. NEVILLE, M.A., F.R.S., and
W. C. D. WHETHAM, M.A., F.R.S.

NEW VOLUME, NOW READY.

THE THEORY OF EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRICITY. By WILLIAM CECIL DAMPIER WHETHAM, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Demy 8vo.

8s. net.

The Cambridge Geographical Series.

General Editor-F. H. H. GUILLEMARD, M.D.

NEW VOLUME NOW READY. THE LANDS OF THE EASTERN CALIPHATE. Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur. By G. LE STRANGE, Author of " Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate," " "Palestine under the Moslems," &c. Large crown 8vo, with 10 Maps. 15s.

The Cambridge Biological Series.

General Editor-ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S. NOW READY, DR. MARSHALL WARD'S TREES, Vol. III.

TREES. A Handbook of Forest Botany for the Woodlands and the Laboratory. By H. MARSHALL WARD, D.Sc., F. R.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. Vol. III. FLOWERS and INFLORESCENCES. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. net. Already published:-Vol. I. BUDS and TWIGS. Vol. II. LEAVES. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 45. 6d. net each.

(To be completed in Six Volumes :-IV. FRUITS and SEEDS. V. SEEDLINGS. VI. GENERAL CHARACTERS.)

London: Cambridge University Press Warehouse, Ave Maria Lane. C. F. Clay, Manager.

CHAS. GRIFFIN & CO.'S NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS.

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SECOND EDITION. In Crown 8vo With 30 New Illustrations. 78. 6d. ELECTRICAL PRACTICE IN COLLIERIES. By D. BURNS, M.E., M. Inst.M.E., Certificated Colliery Manager, and Lecturer on Mining and Geology to the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. IMMEDIATELY. SECOND EDITION, greatly Enlarged and Re-set throughout with 7 New Plates, 30 New Figures in the Text, and a new chapter on "The Electrical Transmission of Power." THE PRINCIPLES AND CONSTRUCTION OF PUMPING MACHINERY (Steam and Water Pressure). By HENRY DAVEY, Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, F.G.S., &c.

IMMEDIATELY. SIXTH EDITION.

trations. 345.

Revised.

With 716 Illus

ORE AND STONE MINING.

By Sir C. LE NEVE FOSTER, D.Sc., F.R.S.
Revised and brought up-to-date by

BENNETT H. BROUGH, F.G.S., Assoc.R.S.M.

"A MOST ADMIRABLE account of the mode of occurrence of practically ALL KNOWN MINERALS. Probably stands UNRIVALLED for completeness." -Mining Journal.

In large Crown 8vo. With Frontispiece and 43 other Illustration. 6s. net. THE INVESTIGATION OF MINE AIR:

An Account by several Authors of the Nature, Significance and Practical Methods of Measurement of the Impurities met with in the Air of Collieries and Metalliferous Mines. Edited by Sir CLEMENT LE NEVE FOSTER, D.Sc., F.R.S., and JOHN SCOTT HALDANE, M.D., F.R.S. "An INDISPENSABLE PRACTICAL GUIDE to Mining Engineers of both Coal Mines and Metalliferous Mines."

ISSUED TO MARK THE

FIFTY YEARS' EXISTENCE OF THE FIRM

OF

E. LEYBOLD'S NACHFOLGER,

COLOGNE,

Contains on its more than 900 pages a complete survey of the apparatus used for instruction in Physics, as well as numerous practical instructions and about 3000 illustrations.

NATURE says: The firm of Leybold Nachfolger in Cologne has recently issued a very complete and interesting catalogue of physical apparatus and The book starts with a history fittings sold by them. of the instruments made in Cologne during the last century. In its second section we find an account of the construction and fittings of various chemical and physical institutions. After this follows the catalogue proper, filling some 800 large pages, profusely illustrated and admirably arranged. The book will be most useful to the teacher." (No. 1846, Vol. 71.)

THE CATALOGUE WILL BE FORWARDED TO SCHOOLS

THURSDAY, JULY 13, 1905.

THE POPULARISATION OF SCIENCE. The New Knowledge. By Robert Kennedy Duncan, Professor of Chemistry in Washington and Jefferson College. Pp. xviii+263. (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1905.)

THE HE author of this attempt to make the progress of recent discovery in chemistry and physics understanded of the people remarks in his preface :

"The great expositors are dead, Huxley and Tyndall and all the others; and the great expositor of the future, the interpreter of knowledge to the people, has yet to be born."

And (but it must be added quite modestly) he attempts to wear the cloak of the prophet. He is right, on the whole, when he says that "the progressive teacher, particularly in the high school or smaller college, finds it often exceedingly difficult to gain access to the original sources of knowledge," and, it may also be remarked, to understand them when he does. Hence any serious attempt made by one sufficiently versed in science to avoid error, and with sufficient appreciation of the difficulties of one who has not made science his speciality to know how to present facts and their interpretation, is deserving of a cordial welcome. Indeed, most scientific men are in the position of outsiders towards sciences not their own; and an allusion to the recent effort made by the Chemical Society to present the year's progress to their Fellows is here not inappropriate, for to such an extent is specialisation now carried that it is practically impossible for the physical chemist to follow the researches of the organic chemist, and vice versâ. Their "Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry for 1904" will be much appreciated by all chemists. It is true that the organic chemist, for example, may consider the amount of space devoted to his branch insufficient, and the treatment of the subject-matter somewhat scrappy; yet to one who has no time to follow in detail the work of the specialists published in numerous journals during the year, a summary like this is of the greatest value. It is very desirable, in subdivisions of a science, as well as in separate sciences, that the bearing of one branch of knowledge on another should be realised, and so far understood; and the Chemical Society is to be congratulated on its new effort. It is to be hoped that a similar plan will be adopted by physiologists, geologists, and, indeed, by all those who labour for the "promotion of natural knowledge."

But to return to Prof. Duncan's book. Beginning with the "three entities," matter, ether, and energy, an attempt is made in seven pages to give the reader some idea that these are the conceptions in terms of which the modern man of science interprets nature. The doctrines of the conservation of mass and of energy, and the necessity for the assumption of the existence of ether are indicated. I doubt whether an entire outsider would gain much by reading this chapter; still, if it stimulates him to think, and to

try to acquire clearer ideas on the subject, much will have been accomplished. We have then certain elementary conceptions of chemistry expounded, molecules, atoms, compounds, and elements, and so closes part i., which consists of eleven pages.

To give the reader an idea of the author's style, a quotation from the first paragraphs of part ii. may be made.

"We believe-we must believe, in this day--that everything in God's universe of worlds and stars is made of atoms, in quantities x, y or z respectively. Men and women, mice and elephants, the red belts of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn are one and all but ever shifting, ever varying, swarms of atoms. Every mechanical work of air, earth, fire and water, every criminal act, every human deed of love or valor : what is it all, pray, but the relation of one swarm of atoms to another?

Here, for example, is a swarm of atoms, vibrating, scintillant, martial,-they call it a soldier,-and, anon, some thousands of miles away upon the South African veldt, that swarm dissolves, dissolves, forsooth, because of another little swarm,--they call it lead.

What a phantasmagoric dance it is, this dance of atoms! And what a task for the Master of the Ceremonies. For mark you the mutabilities of things. These same atoms, maybe, or others like them, come together again, vibrating, clustering, interlocking, combining, and there results a woman, a flower, a blackbird or a locust, as the case may be. But to-morrow again the dance is ended and the atoms are far away; some of them are in the fever germs that broke up the dance, others are the green hair of the grave,' and others are blown about the antipodes on the winds of ocean. The mutabilities of things, and likewise the tears of things: for one thing after another,

'Like snow upon the Desert's dusty Face Lighting a little hour or two-is gone,' and the eternal, ever-changing dance goes on.”

Now this purports to be very fine writing, but does it gild the pill of science? I am inclined to think Still, tastes may differ.

not.

It would be unfair to judge of the book, however, by this quotation. The subsequent sections deal with the periodic classification, gaseous ions, corpuscles, and here a very lucid account is given of the method of estimating the velocity of a corpuscle, and of the relation of the charge to the mass; really in these sections the author has established his character as a clear expositor. Positive ions are then considered, and then natural radio-activity, in which there is a capital sketch of the discovery of radium and of its properties. A subsequent chapter treats of thorium, uranium, radium, and actinium, with the reproduction of Prof. Rutherford's latest results, and the section concludes with the radio-activity of substances in general. The next " part" deals with the resolution of the atom and with atomic disintegration, and an intelligible account is given of Prof. J. J. Thomson's most recent work. The heat-emitting property of radium is next dealt with, and then there is a summary of the "electrical nature of matter." The book concludes with part v., entitled "Inorganic Evolution and Inorganic Devolution," discussing intelligently and intelligibly Sir Norman Lockyer's theories

relating to stellar temperatures and stellar change, and the problems of the sun's heat, the mechanical pressure of light, and the re-construction of a universe are the concluding chapters. The last chapter of all, the validity of the new knowledge, deals with the question, Is all this true? And here there is a touch of philosophy. For " A system is 'true' if it is entirely consistent and coherent, if it is completely self-explanatory."

"There is no criterion of absolute truth, there is no way of attaining to absolute truth, and we may as well acknowledge it. Should we therefore abandon the world-riddle? Assuredly not. If we may never know a system to be true, we may believe it to be true. We may not have a knowledge of truth, but we may have a recognition of it." Meanwhile this system of the new knowledge . . . is simply the outermost circle covering the greatest area of knowledge, and while its diameter is by no means infinite, it is the truest expression of the truth attainable at this time, and as such is vastly useful. Its utility in the evolution of knowledge is its sole apology for existence."

This work is the first attempt which I have seen to bring into suitable compass, in an intelligible manner, the various problems which are occupying the attention of many physicists and chemists. There are few errors, and these are unimportant. Whether the author might not have omitted much fine writing is a question of taste. But even if it be regarded as ill-placed, it does not destroy the intrinsic value of his work. W. R.

THEORETICAL GEODESY.

Trattato di Geodesia Teoretica. By Paolo Pizzetti. Pp. ix +467. (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1905.)

SIGNO

IGNOR PIZZETTI has treated the subject of geodesy in a thoroughly exhaustive manner. | The theoretical portion of the book, dealing with the formulæ used in geodesy, is very ably demonstrated, and the mathematical proofs of the various problems are sufficiently clear to be easily followed by those practically uninitiated in the subject. The same, however, cannot be said of the descriptive narrative of geodetical operations in general. The book, in fact, impresses one far more from the theoretical than from the practical point of view. The absence of practical demonstrations of the use of the various formulæ must be a great loss in a work of this nature, and for this reason it compares unfavourably with such standard treatises as Puissant's "Traité de Géodesie and Clarke's Geodesy," where ample practical illustrations of the application of geodetical formulæ are given to help the student in this complicated subject. Even a few examples taken from any modern geodetic triangulation would have been of the greatest assistance. Theory alone is almost bound to have a deterrent effect.

tically to mentioning those measured in Peru and Lapland in the eighteenth century.

Doubtless these "arcs" played a most important part in geodesy, but subsequent measurements have been of equal importance, and have been carried out with the advantage of superior knowledge and more perfect instruments.

Like most Continental geodesists, the author adheres to the data for the figure of the earth deduced by Bessel in 1840, and it is only in an appendix that any reference is made to Clarke's determination. This, I think, is scarcely fair to English geodesy, considering that Clarke had the advantage of a far larger number of arcs whence to deduce his values. as given in his excellent treatise in 1880. A reference to these values should find a place in every standard work on geodesy, and it is noteworthy that the American Geodetic Survey, which previously employed Bessel's values, has, within recent years, discarded them in favour of Clarke. This was in great part due to the close agreement between Clarke's values and those deduced by the Americans themselves in their various arc measurements.

Several chapters are devoted to the mathematical proof of the various functions of a spheroid of revolution. On the whole, they are easily followed, and differ but slightly from those used by Puissant in his great work. The formulæ in chapter iv. for the determination of the geographical coordinates are similar to those used in the Indian auxiliary tables. Here, particularly, the want of definite examples is greatly felt, and I cannot but think that Signor Pizzetti would greatly enhance the value of his work by adding a few taken at hazard from any survey. The actual illustration given in this chapter is one but rarely used in geodesy.

Three chapters are given up to the description of base measurements and the practical observation of geodetic angles. It may at once be said that the account is far from thorough, and the practical student desirous of studying the methods to be employed in the field would glean but a scanty knowledge. Mention is made of some of the more important instruments used in base measurement, such as Borda's rods, Ibenaz's apparatus, and the American contact duplex bars, but no word is given of Colby's compensation bars, and only the slightest reference is made to measurements by means of steel or invar tapes or wires. There is little doubt that in future all geodetic bases will be measured by the latter means. Only quite recently in South Africa bases have been measured with an extraordinary degree of precision with invar wires.

As regards the measurements of the angles, there is but little information as to the practical work to be done, but a very exhaustive treatise is given of the causes of the various instrumental errors. It is mainly in agreement with those chapters in Chauvenet's "Astronomy " dealing with this subject.

Reference is made to the various instruments used for astronomical work, such as transit-altazimuthand zenith telescopes. The various errors to which such instruments are liable is very carefully gone