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often much more strongly developed and the creatures themselves much larger than the fresh water forms, and the manipulation is therefore somewhat more difficult. The marine forms are also more apt to be incrusted with foreign bodies, bored by predatory sponges, like Cliona, or even by other mollusks, or perforated by certain annelids which have the power to dissolve the lime of which the shell is composed, and in this way secure a retreat for themselves.

Shells which do not contain the living animal are frequently occupied by hermit crabs or by tubicolous annelids. The latter fill up the larger part of the spire with consolidated sand or mud, in the centre of which they have their burrow. The hermit crabs do not add anything to the shells which they occupy, but, on the contrary, by their constant motion are apt to wear away the axis or pillar of the shell, so that often a specimen of this sort may be very fairly preserved and yet on the pillar show characters entirely different from those which one would discover in a specimen which had never been occupied by a crab. A shell which the crab has selected for its home is often taken possession of, as far as the outside is concerned, by a hydractinia, a sort of polype, which produces a horny or chitinous covering which is very difficult to remove from the shell to which it is attached. As the hydractinia grows it finally covers the whole shell, to some extent assumes its form, and then, if the creature has not attained its full growth, this is apt to take place around the edges of the aperture, which are continued by a sort of leathery prolongation which assumes in a rough way the form of a shell. The crab, when he grows too large for the shell in which he has ensconced himself, is usually obliged to abandon it and find a larger one, which is always a difficult and more or less dangerous operation; but if his shell is overgrown by the polype referred to, it often happens that the polype and the crab grow at about an equal rate, so that the latter finds himself protected and does not have to make a change. It is supposed that the polype profits to some extent by the microscopic animals attracted by the food or excrement of the crab, so that this joint housekeeping is mutually beneficial, and, for such cases, since the word parasite would not be strictly accurate, the word commensal has been adopted. These modified shells often assume very singular shapes. The polype is able in the course of time to entirely dissolve the original calcareous shell upon which its growth began, so that if the spire be cut through it would be found throughout of a horny or chitinous nature. Some of the older naturalists were deceived by forms of this sort and applied names to them, sup. posing that they were really molluscan shells of a very peculiar sort.

In removing the animal matter from the shell of large gastropods it will often require a good deal of time and care to get out all the animal matter from the spire, but it is well worth while to take the trouble, as the presence of such matter forms a constant attraction for museum pests of all descriptions. A medium-sized syringe is convenient for washing out the spire of such shells. The ordinary marine gastropods may be treated in a general way like the fresh-water gastropods. There are, however, abnormal forms, especially among tropical species, which require particular attention. Some species become affixed to corals and overgrown by them, retaining only a small aperture through which the sea water can reach the prisoner. Such specimens are best exhibited by retaining a part of the coral and cutting the rest away, showing at once the mode of occurrence and the form of the covered shell. Borers are always more difficult to handle and prepare for the cabinet than other mollusks. They are usually more or less modified for their peculiar mode of life, and frequently rely upon their burrow as a protection, so that the shell is reduced, relatively to the animal, to a very small size. Most of these forms are best kept in alcohol. The hard parts may properly be represented in the cabinet by other specimens. Some of the bivalves, such as the American "soft clam," possess very long siphons, covered with a horny epidermis, and it becomes a question as to whether an attempt should be made to preserve this epidermis in the cabinet or not. The writer has seen very nicely prepared specimens in which the fleshy portions had all been taken out and replaced by cotton, so that the epidermis of the siphon retained its original position and form; but such specimens are always very delicate, easily broken, and liable to attack by insects, so that it would seem hardly worth while to go to the trouble, when specimens may be preserved complete in alcohol showing all the features referred to. Boring shell.

fish, like Pholas, frequently have accessory pieces, which: liable to be lost when the soft parts are removed unless ca taken to avoid it. Other bivalves have the internal liga reinforced by a shelly plate, which is called the ossical This is very easily detached and lost, and, being an obje great interest, special pains should be taken to preserve even if it should become detached.

JAPANESE CAMPHOR.

THE United States Consul at Osaka gives in a recent re the following particulars, reprinted from the Nors number of the Board of Trade Journal, respecting the Japert camphor trade:

The camphor tree, from which the resinous gum is dis is a species of the laurel, and is found in the provinces of T.. Hiuga, and Satsuma, in the south of Japan. Large grove the trees are owned by the Japanese Government, the being very desirable for shipbuilding. The districts in the camphor tree is found are mountainous and situated fari the sea. No reliable information can be obtained as to the of producing the gum before being transported in junks to H The peasants who engage in distilling the roots and branches the trees are said to be poor, and employ the rudest machin

The market value of crude camphor gum and of oil of cam per picul (133 lbs.) during the past year was as followsDrained, 38 25 dols.: wet, 37'00 dols.; old dry, 4350 average, 36 50 dols. ; camphor oil, 525 dols.

The highest and lowest prices during the same period wez follows:-Highest, 40'00 dols. ; lowest, 33 00 dols.

Camphor gum is exported in tubs measuring about 6 feet; oil in kerosene tins and cases. The grades are from dry down to new wet, and the various grades depend upo quantity of adulteration. In oil there are two grades—whitebrown.

Adulteration is practised for the most part by adding and oil just as far as the buyer will tolerate. In some 20 lbs. of water will run out of a tub in twelve hours. T unadulterated article, known as the good old dry, can so times be bought. The only system of tests in determining of the different qualities is by burning and by absolute spirit. percentage of pure camphor which the crude yields when real varies according to the quality of the crude. The average centage of gum produced from the wood as compared with original weight of the wood cannot be accurately ascens here, the only foreigner known to have visited the camphor tricts having declined to furnish any information on the stu The total exports of camphor from Hiogo during 181 catties of 1 lbs. each amounted to 3,850,400 catties cons to the following destinations: Europe (countries not spec 1,777,300 catties; London, 335,600 catties; Ger 209, 200 catties; United States, 1,277,000 catties; C 51,900 catties; France, 199,400 catties.

As regards the manufacture of camphor the following ticulars are extracted from a report by the United States C at Nagasaki.

Camphor is found alike on high elevations and in the va and lowlands. It is a hardy, vigorous, long-lived tree flourishes in all situations.

Many of these trees attain an enormous size. There number in the vicinity of Nagasaki which measure 10 and 1 in diameter. The ancient temple of Osuwa, at Nagasak situated in a magnificent grove of many hundred grand camphor trees, which are of great age and size, and are beautiful and vigorous. It is stated that there are trees 2 places in Kiu Shiu measuring as much as 20 ft. in diam The body or trunk of the tree usually runs up 20 and 30 ft. limbs, then branching out in all directions, forming proportioned, beautiful tree, ever green and very ornament

The leaf is small, elliptical in shape, slightly serrated, a vivid dark-green colour all the year round, except for 1 or two in the early spring, when the young leaves delicate, tender green. The seeds or berries grow in d and resemble black currants in size and appearance. The is used for many purposes, its fine grain rendering it ext valuable for cabinet-work, while it is used also for shipte The roots make excellent knees for ships.

In the manufacture of camphor the tree is nece destroyed, but, by a stringent law of the land, another is

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its stead. The simple method of manufacture employed by he natives is as follows:

The tree is felled to the earth and cut into small pieces, or, ore properly speaking, into chips.

A large metal pot is partially filled with water and placed ver a slow fire. A wooden tub is fitted to the top of the pot, nd the chips of camphor wood are placed in this. The bottom

f the tub is perforated so as to permit he steam to pass up mong the chips.

A steam-tight cover is fitted on the tub. From this tub a amboo pipe leads to another tub, through which the enclosed eam, the generated camphor and oil flow. This second tub is onnected in like manner with a third. The third tub is divided ito two compartments, one above the other, the dividing floor eing perforated with small holes, to allow the water and oil to ass to the lower compartment. The upper compartment is upplied with a layer of straw, which catches and holds the amphor in crystal in deposit as it passes to the cooling process. The camphor is then separated from the straw, packed in vooden tubs of 133 lbs. each, and is ready for market.

After each boiling the water runs off through a faucet, leaving he oil, which is used by the natives for illuminating and other >urposes.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL

INTELLIGENCE.

CAMBRIDGE.-Mr. W. Ridgeway, late Professor at Queen's College, Cork, has been elected to the Disney Professorship of Archæology for the customary period of five years. Prof. Ridgevay's recent work on the origins of weights and measures have nade him well known as a scientific archæologist.

Mr. R. T. Glazebrook, F. R.S., Assistant Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, has been appointed a member of the Financial Board; Mr. Lewis, Professor of Mineralogy, and Dr. Gaskell, F.R.S., have been elected members of the General Board of Studies; and Mr. E. W. MacBride, Scholar of St. John's College, has been appointed Demonstrator in Animal Morphology, in the place of Mr. J. J. Lister, of the same Col

ege.

The Museums and Lecture Rooms Syndicate propose to introluce the electric light into the dissecting-room of the Anatomy school, the lecture room, and histology class-room of the Department of Physiology, and the Philosophical Library, at an expense not exceeding £100.

Dr.

By the death, on November 30, of Dr. F. J. A. Hort, Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, the University has lost not only a great theologian, but a distinguished student of science. Hort was second to Prof. Liveing in the Natural Sciences Tripos of 1851, the first ever held. He received the mark of distinction n Physiology and in Botany. In 1856, and again in 1871, he was an examiner for Honours in this Tripos. Throughout his life his interest in the scientific progress of the University was deep and hearty.

A Syndicate has been appointed to consider the whole quesion of the times of holding Tripos examinations, and the changes that would follow if these were altered. The disadvantges of the present system, by which much of the benefit of the Laster term and of the Long Vacation are lost to students and eachers alike, have of late been forcibly brought before the enate. It is to be hoped that, by bringing about a rational Easter" or otherwise, the Syndicate's efforts may lead to a eformation.

SCIENTIFIC SERIALS.

American Meteorological Journal, November, 1892.-Wind teasurement by H. W. Dines. The two instruments generally use, viz. the Robinson cup anemometer and the pressure late, are both more or less unsatisfactory in obtaining the exeme pressure. The wind never blows uniformly, whereas the struments are calibrated on the supposition that it does so. nd the method of exposure is often unsatisfactory; any obstacle the free circulation of the wind either at the side or even behind below the anemometer, vitiates the results. The usual factor for conversion of velocity to pressure in the equation P = kv too high. The value 005 was given originally in a book on gineering, with a footnote stating that the experiments on

which it rested were doubtful, but it has since been copied without the note. Recent experiments show that '003 is probably more correct, but with such a varying element as the wind, any factor is of little use in deducing extreme pressures from velocity anemometers. Instruments of different sizes give different results, and those calibrated by indoor trials give more wind than those tested out of doors. In some respects it is more desirable to register the pressure than the velocity, but a pressure plate which is to register 30lb. per square foot is hardly suitable to record so small a force as one ounce, so that on many days no sign of motion is given. The author concludes from many careful experiments that the tube form of anemometer is most likely to give satisfactory results, as, apart from electricity, it is the only kind in which the motion or pressure can be transmitted to a distance without loss by friction. In this instrument the registering apparatus is placed away from the part exposed to the wind The storms of India, by S. M. Ballou. In this article, which is a continuation of previous papers, the author treats of the storms which accompany the winter and summer rains. The first aerial voyage across the English Channel, by R. de C. Ward. This voyage was successfully carried out by Dr. Jeffries and M. Blanchard on January 7, 1785. The balloon left Dover at 1h. p.m., and descended a few minutes before 4h. p.m., not far from Ardres.-On the production of rain, by Prof. C. Abbe. The author reviews the natural process of the formation of rain, viz. saturation by aqueous vapour, condensation into visible particles, and the agglomeration of these into drops large enough to be precipitated. The problem of artificial formation of rain will be partially solved if some method is invented to bring about a sudden formation of large drops out of the moist air that exists between the small particles of every cloud.

SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES.

PARIS.

Academy of Sciences, November 28.-M. d'Abbadie in the chair. Note accompanying the presentation of a work on the new methods of the "Mécanique Céleste," by M. Poincaré. -On the existence of distinct nervous centres for the perception of the fundamental colours of the spectrum, by M. A. Chauveau. If one goes to sleep on a seat placed obliquely in front of a window which allows the light from white clouds to fall equally on both eyes, the coloured objects in the room appear illuminated by a bright green light during a very short interval when the eyelids are opened at the moment of awakening. The phenomenon is not observed except at the moment of awakening from a profound sleep. From this it is concluded that there are distinct perceptive centres for the green, and probably also for the violet and the red. Of these, the green centres are those which first regain their activity on awakening.-Note on the observatory of Mont Blanc, by M. J. Janssen. On the laws of expansion of liquids, their comparison with the laws relating to gases, and the form of the isothermals of liquids and gases, by E. H. Amagat. The substances examined were water, ether, alcohol, carbon bisulphide, hydrogen, nitrogen, air, oxygen, ethylene, and carbonic acid, the pressures ranging from 50 to 3000 atmospheres, and the temperatures from o° to 200°. For both liquids and gases, the isothermals present a slight curvature turned towards the axis of abscissæ. The angular coefficient increases with the tempera. ture. This effect is specially pronounced in the liquids, where it corresponds to a widening-out of the network, well exemplified in carbonic acid, in the part corresponding to the lower temperatures. This widening-out gradually disappears as the temperature rises; in the lighter gases, the variation with the temperature is very small. - Observations of Holmes's comet ("f" 1892), made at the Paris Observatory (west equatorial), by M. Ó. Callandreau.-On a remarkable solar protuberance observed at Rome on November 16, 1892, by M. P. Tacchini.On universal invariants, by M. Rabut.-On straight-line congruences, by M. E. Cosserat.-On the passage of a wave through a focus, by M. P. Joubin. An apparatus for showing the complementary character of transmitted and reflected Newton's rings is mounted vertically, and illuminated by a small bright point placed at a distance of 120m. along the axis of symmetry. On moving a microscope along the axis of reflection the rings first appear with a black centre, which changes into white at the first focus of reflection, and again into black at the second.-On the depression of the zero, observed in boiled thermometers, by M. L. C. Baudin. The secular

depression of the zero, brought into prominence by heating to 100°, may be greatly reduced by keeping the thermometers for several days immersed in a liquid boiling at 400° or 500°.—On the fusion of carbonate of lime, by M. A. Joannis.-Action of antimony on hydrochloric acid, by MM. A. Ditte and R. Metzner. On the zincates of the alkaline earths, by M. G. Bertrand.-On anhydrous and crystallized fluorides of iron, by M. C. Poulenc.-Preparation of metallic chromium by electrolysis, by M. Em. Placet. An aqueous solution of chrome alum, to which is added an alkaline sulphate and a small quantity of sulphuric or other acid, is electrolyzed. Pure chromium is deposited at the negative pole. It is very hard, and of a fine bluish-white colour. It resists atmospheric influences, and is not attacked by concentrated sulphuric acid, by nitric acid, or by concentrated potash solution. Articles made of brass, copper, or iron may be coated with chromium, thus giving them a metallic lustre resembling oxidized silver. Large quantities of the metal can be prepared without difficulty. On the preparation of hydrobromic acid, by M. E. Léger. Reply to M. Friedel's observations on the rotatory power of the diamine salts, by M. Alb. Colson.-Point of fusion of solvents as the inferior limit of solubilities, by M. A. Etard.-Action of the chlorides of dibasic acids on cyanacetic sodium ether; succinodicyanacetic ether, by M. Th. Muller. On the functions of hydurilic acid; preparation of potassium hydurilates, by M. C. Matignon.-Researches on the colours of some insects, by M. A. B. Griffiths.-Microbicidal action of carbonic acid in milk, by M. Cl. Nourry and C. Michel.—On a nervous ganglion of the feet of Phalangium opilio, by M. Gaubert.-Myxosporidia of the bile duct of the Fishes; new species, by M. P. Thèlohan.-On the modifications of absorption and transpiration which occur in plants under the influence of frost, by M. A. Prunet. The rapid dessication of the young shoots of frozen plants is due to the substitution of an intense evaporation for the normal function of transpiration, and to an almost complete suspension of absorptive functions. -Æcidi conium, a new genus of Uredinei, by M. Paul Vuillemin.-On the clasification and the parallelisms of the miocene system, by M. Ch. Depéret.-On the existence of micro granulite and orthophyre in the primary formations of the French Alps, by M. P. Termier.-On the mineralogical modifications of the calcareous strata in the inferior Jurassic of Ariège due to lherzolite, and their bearing on the history of this eruptive rock, by M. A. Lacroix.-On the geographical distribution, the origin, and the age of the ophites and lherzolites of Ariège, by M. de Lacvivier.-Geological observations on the Creux de Souci (Puy-de-Dôme), by M. Paul Gautier.

BERLIN.

Physiological Society, October 28.-Prof. du Bois Reymond, President, in the chair.-Prof. Gad spoke on the respiratory centre on the basis of experiments made in his laboratory by Herr Marenescu. According to these, the centre for the co-ordination of the respiratory muscles lies in the formatio reticularis grisea and alba below the hypoglossal centre, on each side of the hypoglossal tract, whereas in the apex of the calamus scriptorius there is an inhibitory centre (noeud vital) whose stimulation may cause death. It further appeared from these experiments that the respiratory centre is not confined to a limited area, but is diffuse and quite distinct from Flouren's "nœud vital."

November 11.-Prof. du Bois Reymond, President, in the chair.-Dr. Ad. Loewy had investigated the influence on respiration of the upper tracts leading from the cerebrum to the respiratory centre, an influence which is specially marked after section of the vagi. He found that these tracts do not simply hand on to the centre impulses received from the periphery up the trigeminal nerve, but that they automatically maintain the rhythm of the centre after the vagi have ceased to function. Dr. René du Bois Reymond spoke on the sensation of warmth which ensues on immersing the hand in a vessel of carbon dioxide. Sulphurous acid, bromine vapour, nitrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrochloric acid gas produce the same effect. The intensity of the sensation varies with the different gases. Thus carbon dioxide produces the same sensation as air warmed to 20°, while that of nitrogen peroxide is as of air at 30° and that of ammonia and hydrochloric acid gas as of air above 40°. The phenomena do not as yet admit of a physical explanation, but must be regarded rather as resulting from a chemical stimulation of the sensory nerves for heat perception. The President

exhibited a torpedo recently born in Berlin, in which he ha detected an active electric organ immediately after birth. means of a nerve-muscle preparation and a galvanome This observation was first made in 1831 by Davy, but had since then been repeated.

BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, and SERIAL RECEIVE Books.-The Scenery of the Heavens: G. E. Gore. 2nd edition (Sur Johnston's Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry, from the Edition by S C. A. Cameron, revised and enlarged by C. M Aikman (Blackwood)-C= Pits and Pitmen: R. N. Boyd (Whittaker).- Practical Electric-L Fitting: T. C. Allsop (Whittaker).-Sound and Music: Rev. J. A. Za (Chicago, McClurg).-Results of Meteorological Observations made in Ne South Wales, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, and 1884 (Sydney, Potter)-Mines Resources of the United States, 1889-90: D. T. Day (Washington)-P ceedings of the American Association held at Washington (D.C.)-Meter logical Observations and Results at the U.S. Naval Observatory, 1888 (Wa ington D.C.).-Magnetic Observations at the U.S. Naval Observatory, (D.C.).-The Building of the British Isles: A. J. Jukes-Browne. 2nd ed (Bell).-Poems in Petroleum: J. C. Grant (E. W. Allen)-Electric Light and Power Distribution. Part 1: W. P. Maycock (Whittaker)-Old and Ne Astronomy: R. A. Proctor, completed by A. C. Ranyard (Longmats Painters' Colours, Oils, and Varnishes: G. H. Hurst (Griffin)-Elemen Mechanics of Solids and Fluids: A. L. Selby (Oxford, Clarendon PressThe Chemistry of Life and Health: C. W. Kimmins (Methuen)Mechanics of Architecture; E. W. Tarn (Lockwood).-Electrical Pape 2 vols. O. Heaviside (Macmillan).

PAMPHLETS.- Notes de Géographie Litterale: J. Girard (PansiPhysical Geography and Climate of New South Wales: H. C. Russe edition (Sydney, Potter). --La Grandissima Macchia Solare del Febras 1892: A. Ricco (Rome).-Fumo di Vulcano: A Ricco (Rome)-Sopra Periodo Eruttivo dello Stromboli: A. Ricco. G. Mercalli (Rome)-Le

Heterogene Induktion versucheines Beitrags zur Kenntnis der Reizersche
ungen der Pflanzen: Dr. F. Noll (Leipzig, Engelmann)-Observations
Dew and Frost: Hon. R. Russell (Stanford).-The Cry of the Children
Free Lance (Williams and Norgate).
SERIAL. Insect Life, vol. 5, No. 2 (Washington).

CONTENTS.

The New University Question

In Savage Isles and Settled Lands. By H. O. F.
Property. By J. B..
Leaper's "Outlines of Organic Chemistry'
Our Book Shelf:-

Dendy and Lucas: "An Introduction to the Study of Botany, with a Special Chapter on some Austra lian Natural Orders."-W. B. H. . Jones: "A German Science Reader."-W Brightwen: "More about Wild Nature" Letters to the Editor :

Arborescent Frost Patterns. (Illustrated.)—Prof. R.
Meldola, F.R.S.

Ice Crystallites.-Rev. Dr. A. Irving

The Volucella as Alleged Examples of Variation

"almost Unique among Animals."-Edward B. Poulton, F. R.S.

"A Criticism on Darwin."-Dr. George J. Ro-
manes, F. R.S.

Animals' Rights.-H. S. Salt
Induction and Deduction.-Edward T. Dixon
The Present Comets.-T. W. Backhouse.
The Afterglow.-Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole
Electrical Standards

On the Physiology of Grafting. By J. B. F.

Notes

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DIARY OF SOCIETIES.

LONDON.

THURSDAY, DECEMBER 8.

YAL SOCIETY, at 4.0.-On the Photographic Spectra of some of the Brighter Stars: Prof. J. Norman Lockyer, F. R.S.-Experiments in Examination of the Peripheral Distribution of the Fibres of the Posterior Roots of some Spinal Nerves: Dr. Sherrington.-Preliminary Account of the Nephrida and Body Cavity of the Larva of Palæmonetes varians: Edgar J. Allen.

ATHEMATICAL SOCIETY, at 8.-Note on Cauchy's Condensation Test For the Convergency of Series: Prof. M. J. M. Hill.-Additional Note on Secondary Tucker Circles: J. Griffiths.-Notes on Determinants: J. E. Campbell.-A Geometrical Note: R. Tucker.-On a Theorem in Differentiation, and its Application to Spherical Harmonics: Dr. Hobson ND N INSTITUTION, at 7. A Plea for Catholicity of Taste in Music Illustrated): Sir Joseph Barnby.

STITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, at 8.-Annual General Meeting. Reception of the Annual Report of the Council and Election of Council and Officers for 1893. -Experimental Researches on Alternate Current Transformers: Prof. J. A. Fleming, F.R.S. (Discussion.)

FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 9.

YSICAL SOCIETY, at 5.- On Colour Vision: W. B. Croft.-On Magic Mirrors: Prof. S. P. Thompson.- Reflexion from Diffusing Surfaces: Dr. Sumpner.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 10.

ISTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, 2 to 4.-Students' Visit to the Machinery and Inventions Division, South Kensington Museum.

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 11.

INDAY LECTURE SOCIETY, at 4.-The Duality of the Mind (with Oxyhydrogen Lantern Illustrations): Dr. B. W. Richardson, F.R.S.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 12.

CIETY OF ARTS, at 8.-The Generation of Light from Coal Gas: Prof. Vivian B. Lewes.

NDON INSTITUTION, at 5.-Water Supply-Pollution of Water-Drinking Water: Major Lamorock Flower.

TUESDAY, DECEMBER 13.

EMICAL SOCIETY, at 8-Extra Meeting on the Anniversary of the Death of Stas.-Jean Servais Stas, and the Measurement of the Relative Masses of the Atoms of the Chemical Elements: Prof. J. W. Mallet, F.R.S.

ITAROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, at 8.30.-A Prehistoric Interment in the Cave of Barma Grande, near Mentone: A. J. Evans.-Polynesian Mythography a Symbolism of Origin and Descent: Dr. H. Colley March.Burial Customs in Modern Greece: Prof. Politis.

STITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEKRS, at 8. The Manufacture of Small

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SET I.-Galvanic Electricity. 80/- SET III.-Acoustics II.-Static ditto IV.-Optics... The APPARATUS and BOOK (120 EXERCISES each SET) carriage paid on receipt of Remittance. Money returned if not approved within 7 days. Thorough Science Lessons. Suited for all earnest Students, young and old. The Exercises exhibit the most Modern Views of Science. BOOK of 360 EXERCISES (illustrated) post free, gratis,

Arms: John Rigby. (Discussion.)-Gas Power for Electric Lighting: J. WILLIAM HUME, 1 Lothian Street, EDINBURCH.

Emerson Dowson.

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 14.

CIETY OF ARTS, at 8.-The Utilization of Niagara: Prof. George Forbes, F.R.S.

THURSDAY, DECEMBER 15.

NNEAN SOCIETY. at 8.-Notes on the Genera of Taxacea and Coniferæs Dr. Maxwell T. Mast rs, F. R.S.-Note on the Affinities of the Genu: Madrepora: George Brook.

EMICAL SOCIETY, at 8-Ballot for the Election of Fellows.-The dentity of Caffeine and Theine: W. R. Dunstan and W. F. J. Shepheard.-Studies on Isomeric Change, 1, 2, 3, Orthoxylene, Sulphonic Acid, Phenetulsulphonic Acid: Dr. Moody.

NDON INSTITUTION, at 6-Ants: A Study of Sociology and Politics mongst Insects (Illustrated): Rev. Dr. Dallinger, F.R.S.

SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS.

Illustrated, Priced, and Descriptive Catalogue of the Instruits of Science which are used in teaching and demonstrating ry branch of Physical Science, as well as of the Instruments ch are used in Original Research and in the applications of Science to Technical Industries and Pursuits. RICE TO NON-CUSTOMERS, 2s. 6d. POST FREE

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This mark has been entered by the Inventors and Manufacturer. No articles without this Mark are genuine. Instrument Company, Cambridge. Address all communications "Instrument Company Cambridge."

Price List of Scientific Instruments, sent post free. Illustrated Descriptive List sent on receipt of is. 6d. The Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, St. Tibb's Row, Cambridge.

NOTICE.-Advertisements and business letters for NATURE should be addressed to the Publishers; Editoria communications to the Editor. The telegraphic address of NATURE is "PHUSIS, LONDON."

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Money Orders payable to MACMILLAN & CO.
OFFICE: 29 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, W.C.

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SCIENTIFIC WORTHIES.

The following is a list of the Portraits that have appeared in the above Series:

MICHAEL FARADAY.

THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY.

CHARLES DARWIN.

JOHN TYNDALL.

GEORGE GABRIEL STOKES,

SIR CHARLES LYELL.

SIR CHARLES WHEATSTONE.

SIR WYVILLE THOMSON.

ROBERT WILHELM BUNSEN.

ADOLF ERIK NORDENSKJÖLD.
LORD KELVIN.

HERMANN L. F. HELMHOLTZ. SIR JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER. WILLIAM HARVEY.

SIR GEORGE B. AIRY.

J. LOUIS R. AGASSIZ.

JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRÉ DUMAS.

SIR RICHARD OWEN.

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL.
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE.
WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE.

ARTHUR CAYLEY.

SIR C. W. SIEMENS.

JOHN COUCH ADAMS.

JAMES JOSEPH SYLVESTER.

DMITRI IVANOWITSH MENDELEEFF.
LOUIS PASTEUR.

Proof impressions of these, printed on India paper, may be had from the Publishers, pria 55. each; or the Set of 27 Portraits in a Handsome Portfolio for £7, carriage paid

THE PORTFOLIO MAY BE HAD SEPARATELY. PRICE 65.

Cheques and Money Orders payable to MACMILLAN & CO.,
OFFICE OF "NATURE," 29 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND.

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