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in proportion; three small blocks are fixed on the upper

part, and one below at the end.

The Yard (fig. 23) is a long

thin spar, nearly the

length of the main

FIC.23.

mast, but not thicker than the top-mast;

there is one block in the upper centre and two below, directly under the one above, and two small holes at each end passing downwards.

To paint the Mast and Spars. The main-mast from the bottom of the cheeks must be white upwards, also the lower part of the top-mast, the cap and the cross-trees, and the top-mast head, all the main-boom and gaff, a very small portion of the extreme end of the bowsprit, and all of it that is inside the yacht.

To fix Mast and Rigging. Having previously made a small hole in the bottom of the hull, corresponding with the one on deck, insert the lower end of the mainmast and fix it firmly, with a slight inclination backwards, and having made a hole in the front of the bulwarks close to the stem, place in the bowsprit from the inside. In large vessels an iron ring is attached to the stem, through which it also passes on the outside.

STANDING RIGGING (fig. 24).

These ropes are so called from being generally sta

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the mast, passing over the tressel-trees and down.

to the sides of the vessel. In large yachts, they pass

round large blocks, called "dead-eyes;" these again are tightened by smaller ropes passing through another set of dead-eyes attached by iron hoops to the sides of the yacht.

Back-stays (d) are two ropes of the same thickness, and pass round the front of the mainmast to the back of the upper portion of the tressel-trees, half way down. They are made of the same thick rope as the shrouds. One end of the other smaller ropes is hooked to rings on each quarter of the vessel, passing upwards through the blocks above, down again, and round two other double blocks, which are tightened by smaller ropes passing through them to corresponding blocks a little in front of the other ends on each quarter.

Fore-stay (b). This is also made of the same stout cord; the upper end passing over the back of the top of the tressel

trees, and the lower end round a large dead-eye, and by smaller ropes attached to the stem of the cutter.

[blocks in formation]

the main-mast head, insert the thinner end of the topmast first through the tressel-trees and then through the cap, and fix it by placing a small pin through the tressel-trees and heel, or bottom of the top-mast.

Preventer Top-mast Back-stays (e e) secured a little below the top-mast truck; they come down on each side, over the ends of the cross-trees, to dead-eyes on each side of the yacht.

Fore-top-mast Stay (a). This is secured in the same place at the top-mast head as the preventer back-stays, and passes through a block at the end of the bowsprit to the deck.

The Bob-stay (g) is a support to the bowsprit, being fixed to the end, coming down to a cleet on one side of the stem, and secured on deck.

Vane (f), fixed on the very top of the mast; it moves round on a spindle, and points to the direction from which the wind blows.

RUNNING RIGGING (fig. 25).

The names given to ropes or halliards, for hoisting up and down the sails, &c.; they are generally smaller than the standing rigging, and pass through blocks from two to four times each.

Main-boom (e). This is attached to the main-mast

by a small rope passing through each end of the hali

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a rope passing through double blocks, one being attached to the boom, and the other to an iron traveller on deck.

The Gaff (d) is also secured to the mast in the

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