sion, but some Porto Ricans are inclined to put the banner of the single star higher in their affections than the Stars and Stripes.

Gov. Reily made it quite plain to the island people that Porto Rico could not have two flags, and that the one that was to remain was that of the United States of America. Late in September, it was reported that the Unionist party had voted in favor of statehood.

It would be most interesting to hear from some of our readers who have been in Porto Rico-perhaps from some native Porto Rican boy or girl-who can tell us just how things are really going in the island to which the United States offers the privilege of membership in this great Union of States.

HIGHEST UP AND FARTHEST SOUTH THERE are still a few things to be learned about this earth, and two expeditions are now trying to learn them. One is climbing Mount Everest and the other is exploring the antarctic.

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. It rises 29,002 feet above sealevel. If that extra two feet suggests that we are "getting it down too fine," don't

Wide World Photos

THE RUINED TIBETAN FORTRESS OF KAMPA DZONG

The geometry that you study in high school is the first step toward such achievements.

The expedition is the most carefully planned and best equipped of its kind ever sent out. The Royal Geographical Society, of London, and the Alpine Club are united in the undertaking. The king of England is officially represented, and of course it includes masters of several sciences to make the observations and studies that alone render such an expedition really worth while.

One member of the expedition, Dr. Kellas, died of heart failure at the Tibetan city of Kampa Dzong. He was buried on the mountain-side, within sight of the great peak whose summit he had hoped to reach.

The other expedition is Sir Ernest Shackleton's into the antarctic. The little ship in

which the Shackleton expedition will venture into the frozen seas at the southern tip of the earth-we understand it bulges enough in the middle and tapers down enough at the poles to make it proper to speak of the north and south poles as tips-is called the Quest, and is said to be just about the sturdiest little craft and the best suited for such a venture that ever smashed through a field of ice.

The days of exploration and adventure are not over yet!

Two Boy Scouts-lucky chaps!—will go into the antarctic with Sir Ernest. The picture shows them with Sir Ernest and his second in command, Captain Wilde. The boys are Patrol Leader N. E. Mooney, of Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands, and Patrol Leader J. W. S. Marr, of Aberdeen, Scotland. Mooney is seventeen years old, Marr is eighteen. They were chosen because, as Sir R. Baden-Powell, the Chief Scout, wrote in bidding them farewell, "You are the best fellows that the Scout movement can produce"; adding, "You cannot fail if you stick to the Scout law. . . . 'Be prepared,' and you will come through with success."

SPAIN AND MOROCCO

THE Strait of Gibraltar, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, has Spain on one side of it and the north coast of Africa on the other. On that coast is Morocco, the land of the Moors. For over a thousand years the Moors and the Spaniards have been enemies. The Moors invaded Spain, and, in the last century, the Spaniards have invaded Morocco. In the Spanish accounts and legends which Washington Irving collected in some of his books, you may read tales of the time when the Moors ruled in Granada, to its conquest from them by the Spaniards in 1492.

The history of the present war between Spaniard and Moor goes back to 1905, when Germany, preparing for the great conquests which she hoped to make, opposed the agreement between France and England, whereby France gave England a free hand in Egypt, while England left Morocco to the French. In 1906, the Algeciras Conference was held to discuss international relations in northern Africa. France proved stronger than Germany had thought, and England supported the French, so that Germany had to agree to leave Morocco to them.

France and Spain then made a treaty whereby the northern part of Morocco,

along the coast, was set aside as a Spanish "sphere of influence," while the southern part was a French "sphere." Both of these zones of influence were under the Sultan of Morocco, but France and Spain agreed to permit each other to engage in trade, each in its assigned sphere, without opposition from the other.

During the World War, Morocco was left pretty much to itself; but after the armistice and the treaty, France and Spain sent commissioners and military forces to take control. Operations were begun at the opening of the year 1920. Spain's commissioner was General Berenguer, and her army of 50,000 was commanded by General Silvestre. The French were successful in the south, but the Spanish army did not have such good fortune.

The year passed, and all the Spaniards had succeeded in doing was to establish a number of posts which were held by Spanish garrisons, to be sure, but with unsatisfactory lines of communication.

In the spring of this present year, the Spaniards resumed their campaign, and in July their forces met with a great defeat. The inland posts were retaken by the Moors, the occupied territory recovered, and the Spanish losses in killed and wounded were large enough to alarm the Government and cause considerable misgiving among the people. Recruiting for the Spanish Foreign Legion has been carried on in America.

In September, it was reported that there were 60,000 Spanish troops concentrated about Melilla, in the east. The Moorish tribesmen were besieging them, and the city was under constant fire. Tribesmen hidden in the hills about the city were attacked by cavalry expeditions.

It was said that the nature of the Moorish resistance to Spanish operations indicated the presence of some skilful and energetic leader, and the report was that he was a young Moor, named Abd-el-Krin, who had been educated in Spain.

THE GIRL SCOUTS

OCTOBER 16 to 24 was Girl Scout Week. If that was n't an important current event, we don't know what would be.

You see, there are 107,000 Girl Scouts in the United States to-day, and new members at the rate of 3000 or so a month are making the "Promise." That Promise would n't stay out of this article even if, instead of

welcoming it gladly, as we do, we were to try to keep it out:

On My Honor, I Will Try:

To do my duty to God and my Country;
To help other people at all times;

To obey the Scout Laws.

And the laws, of which there are ten, show the Girl Scout ideals: to be honorable, loyal, helpful to others,

a friend to all and a sister to every other Girl Scout; to be courteous, kind to animals, obedient to orders, cheerful, thrifty, and clean in thought, word, and deed. With 107,000 girls pledged to those laws, and 3000 more girls falling into line every month, it's evident that something is happening that is important to America.

It means this, too: that there is need of new leaders all the time. What a chance for young women who like to "do things"! Those who volunteer to help train the girls in homemaking, health-building, and citizenship are

MEXICO has had a long history of revolution, but there are many people in Mexico who want to see their country peaceful and orderly, enjoying the friendship of other nations and sharing in the world's business. In September, it seemed that Mexico was ready to be more reasonable in her treatment of foreigners who have invested money there.

going to learn something themselves-and they are not going to get old very fast!

THROUGH THE WATCH TOWER'S TELESCOPE

THE old Olympia, Admiral Dewey's flagship at Manila, was selected for the honor of bringing home from France America's Unknown Soldier, to be buried with national honors at Arlington on Armistice Day. All business and pleasure throughout the nation will stand at rest while "taps" are sounded at the grave.

GREECE says she is fighting for the ancient rights of her people in Asia Minor. She is putting her whole strength into her war with Turkey all her resources in men and money. Greece did not win our favor by her conduct toward the Allies in the first part of the World War, nor in restoring Constantine to the throne after the war was over.

FERDINAND FOCH, marshal of France, will be the guest of the United States this autumn. He will be here, and will have won our hearts, by the time these lines reach our readers. The man who unified the Allied armies and led them to victory will, by his visit, forge another link in that chain which binds us closely to France. And General Pershing's recent visit to France and England to honor the "unknown soldier" of those countries will still further strengthen the ties that unite us.

ON September 16 the, British light cruiser Dauntless brought home the bodies of fifteen Americans who lost their lives when the monster airship ZR-2 was wrecked. The airship, as you will remember, fell into the Humber River at Hull, in England, late in August, at the end of a trial flight. The huge dirigible buckled in one of her 'midship sections, blew up and fell, all afire, into the river. Forty-four of the forty-nine English and American officers and men who were aboard at the time were killed.

PETROLEUM DEPOSITS

THE production of petroleum in the United States increased from five million barrels in 1870 to 376,000,000 barrels in 1919. Yet, enormous as was this production, it was less than our consumption; and we were dependent on foreign countries for sufficient supplies to meet our needs. Nor should any one imagine that new oil-fields will be discovered or new wells opened in old fields to an extent sufficient largely to increase the supply we have left. In the last ten years (to January 1, 1919) our oil exploration has increased our reserves by less than enough to run us for three years. Further finds will be made, but they are unlikely to be more than locally important.

So say the geologists; and they have good cause to know whereof they speak. They say, also, that the belief held by many people that petroleum is still being formed below the surface of the ground, much as wheat is being grown on its surface, at a rate sufficient to balance our consumption, is the wildest nonsense. Oil is being formed, beyond a doubt, but it will be a thousand years and

more before any "pool" that begins to accumulate to-day will be of the slightest use to mankind.

The way in which petroleum is collected by nature and made available for our use is shown in the illustration, made from a model in the National Museum at Washington, the upper half of which is an ordinary surface view, and the lower half, a vertical section that cuts the rocks beneath the surface.

Parts of three separate oil deposits are shown. All of them lie between strata that are tipped upward on the left and all begin far down in the depths of the earth; but each ends in a different way. The actual occurrence of three such deposits so close to each other would be unusual; the three are grouped together merely for easy study.

The deposit farthest to the right reaches the surface; or, more accurately speaking, the surface reaches it. Oil really is forced upward, just as artesian water is forced upward, in places where the force that lifts it is strong enough to overcome the resistance of the rocks; but most oil-seeps appear to be due to the cutting down of the ground sur