ing pursuit, and in dealing their blows in unexpected places. The war was kept up several months longer by the Nipmucks, until Captain Turner surprised and slew the flower of their warriors at the falls of the Connecticut which have since borne his name. This heavy blow (in May, 1676) broke the strength of the savages. In August, Philip was hunted down and killed, and his severed head was mounted on a pole in the town of Plymouth. By this time the Tarrateens in the northeast had caught the war fever, and during the next year most of the villages between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec were laid in ashes, and their inhabitants massacred. In April, 1678, after a three years' reign of terror, the war came to an end. Of 90 towns in Massachusetts and Plymouth, 12 had been quite destroyed, and 40 others had been the scene of fire and slaughter. More than 600 white men had lost their lives, besides the hundreds of women and children butchered in cold blood. The war-debt of Massachusetts was very heavy, and that of Plymouth was reckoned to exceed the total amount of personal property in the colony; yet in course of time every farthing of this indebtedness was paid. Fearful as was the damage done to the settlers, however, it was to the Indians that the destruction was fatal and final. Of disturbances wrought by them in central and southern New England we hear no more. Their power here was annihilated, and henceforth their atrocities were wrought chiefly on the frontier, in concert with the French of Canada. The Massachusetts Charter annulled. During this deadly struggle the men of New England had sought no help from beyond sea and had got none. So far from helping them, it was just this moment of weakness and danger that Charles II. chose for wreaking his spite upon Massachusetts. Other circumstances favored his design. There was a considerable party in the colony which was disgusted with the illiberal policy which restricted the rights of citizenship to members of the Congregational church. The leader of this party was Joseph Dudley, an able man, son of the Dudley who had been lieutenant to Winthrop. Then there were in England the inheritors of the grudge of Gorges and his friends against the colony, and the malcontents who had suffered from the

stern policy of the Puritans, and all these men found a bold and able leader in Edward Randolph, who even went so far as to propose that the Church of England should be established in Massachusetts, and that none but Episcopal clergymen should be allowed to solemnize marriages there. This was like the policy which the king was trying to impose upon Scotland, and which for the next ten years was to fill that noble country with slaughter and weeping. It was in 1679, just when all New England was groaning under the bereavements and burdens entailed by Philip's war, that the Stuart government began its final series of assaults upon Massachusetts. First the Piscataqua towns were taken away and made into a royal province under the name of New Hampshire. There was a difficulty of long standing between Massachusetts and the heirs of Gorges about the territory of Maine, which had lately been amicably adjusted: the king now annulled the arrangement that had been made. He also commanded the government of Massachusetts to abolish its peculiar restriction upon the right of suffrage, and to allow Episcopal forms of worship. Much wrangling went on for the next five years, when at length, on June 21, 1684, the dispute was summarily ended by a decree in chancery annulling the, charter of Massachusetts.

Tyranny of Sir Edmund Andros. — Now it was on this charter that not only all the cherished institutions of the colony, but even the titles of individuals to their lands and homes, were supposed to be founded. By taking away the charter the king meant that the crown resumed all its original claim to the land, and might grant it over again to other people if it felt so inclined. In February, 1685, a stroke of apoplexy carried off Charles II., and his equally wicked but much less able brother, the Duke of York, ascended the throne as James II. Sir Edmund Andros, a great favorite with the new king, was sent over to America to act as viceroy on a great scale. All the New England colonies were lumped together with New York and New Jersey, and put under his rule. In 1687 the charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island were rescinded; but the decree was never formally enrolled. In October of that year Andros went to Hartford to seize the charter,

but failed to find it. According to local tradition it was hidden in the hollow trunk of an oak-tree.

Andros was a coarse and unscrupulous man, and the two years of his government were the most wretched years in the history of New England. For the moment it seemed as if an end was about to be put to American freedom. The governor imposed arbitrary taxes, seized upon private estates, encroached upon common lands, and suspended the writ of habeas corpus. It was announced that all titles were to be ransacked, and that he who wished to keep his property must pay a quit-rent, which under the circumstances amounted to blackmail. The Old South Meeting-House was seized and used as an Episcopal church. The General Court was abolished, and a censorship of the press was set up. Such a barefaced tyranny was hardly ever seen before or since in any community speaking the English language. If it had lasted much longer, New England would have rebelled; there would have been war.

Fall of the Stuart Dynasty. But the tyranny of Andros in America was but the counterpart of the tyranny which his royal master was trying to establish in England. The people of England rebelled, and the tyrant fled across the Channel. In April, 1689, it became known in Boston that the Prince of Orange had landed in England. The signal-fire was lighted on Beacon Hill, a meeting was held at the Town House, drums beat to arms, militia began to pour in from the country, and Andros, disguised in woman's clothes, was arrested as he was trying to escape to a ship in the harbor. Five weeks afterward, the new sovereigns, William and Mary, were proclaimed in Boston, and the days of Stuart insolence were at an end.

Massachusetts becomes a Royal Province. From a Dutch Calvinist, like William III., the Puritans had little to fear on the score of religion; yet the king had no great liking for such a republican form of government as that of the New England colonies. The defiance with which Massachusetts had treated the Stuarts looked too much like a challenge of the royal prerogative in general; but the smaller colonies, having been less annoyed, had been less intractable, and now found favor with the king.

Connecticut and Rhode Island were allowed to keep their old charters, by which they were, to all intents and purposes, independent republican governments. Both states lived under these charters till long after the Revolution, Connecticut until 1818, Rhode Island until 1843. New Hampshire was again erected into a royal province. Plymouth was annexed to Massachusetts, and so were Maine and Nova Scotia. But along with this vast territorial extension there went a considerable curtailment of the political independence of Massachusetts. By the new charter, granted in 1691, the right of the people to be governed by a legislature of their own choosing was expressly confirmed; but all laws passed by the legislature were to be sent to England to receive the royal approval; the governor was henceforth to be appointed by the crown; no qualification of church-membership was to be required of voters; and all forms of worship were to be tolerated except the Roman Catholic.

From the accession of William and Mary to the accession of George III. the history of the internal politics of Massachusetts is, for the most part, like the history of Virginia, the chronicle of a protracted brawl between the governors appointed by the crown and the legislatures chosen by the people. Thus these two great colonies, unlike each other in so many respects, were gradually preparing to unite in opposition to any undue assertion of authority on the part of the home government.

§ 6. THE LATER COLONIES.

The Carolinas. During the seventeenth century the only English colonies which figure conspicuously in American history are Virginia and Maryland, New York, and the colonies of New England. In the latter half of the century the foundations of the other English colonies were gradually laid. In order to provide for some of his loyal friends whose property had suffered in the great rebellion, Charles II. in 1663 made a grant of the land between Virginia and Florida to a company of eight noblemen, to hold as absolute proprietors, saving only a formal allegiance to the crown. This created a proprietary form of government somewhat similar

to that of Maryland, save that, instead of the semi-royal lord proprietary, an oligarchy of noblemen was to stand at the head of the administration. The country had already been named Carolina a century before by the unfortunate Jean Ribaut, in honor of his king, Charles IX. of France; and the name served equally well for a colony founded by Charles II. of England. An elaborate aristocratic constitution was drawn up for the colony by John Locke, the philosopher, but it was never put in practice. Immigration went on for half a century, and two colonies grew up without much regard to the concerted scheme. The proprietary government was very unpopular. In 1729 South Carolina voluntarily became a royal province, and two years later North Carolina followed her example.

The differences between these two colonies were important and striking. All the colonies we have hitherto considered, except New York, were purely English in blood. In the Carolinas there were a great many French Huguenots, Germans, Swiss, Scotch, and Scotch-Irish; but in North Carolina this non-English element was by no means so great as in South Carolina, where it formed more than half the white population. The English element in North Carolina was at first of a very low character, consisting largely of "poor whites" and border ruffians escaped or driven from Virginia. Tobacco was cultivated in large quantities, but oftener on small estates than on vast plantations. Agriculture was ruder than in any of the other colonies, and society was in a more disorderly condition. Slavery existed from the outset, but there were fewer slaves than in Virginia, and the slavery was of a mild type. The white people were generally poor and uneducated, and knew comparatively little of what was going on beyond their borders. Yet in spite of these disadvantages North Carolina improved greatly during the eighteenth century, and by the time of the Revolution was becoming a comparatively thrifty and wellordered state.

South Carolina, on the other hand, was a comparatively wealthy community. The plantations were large, and the negro population greatly outnumbered the whites. The chief source of wealth was