size with that called Karna Chaupar. At its east side is a small niche. At its west end is a door in the wall, which is convex, and over the door is a kind of cornice. The door leads into a circular chamber, arched above like the others and polished in the same manner. The floor of these chambers contained about a foot of dirty water and mud. This cave is properly called Satgar and is supposed to have been built by Sudama, brother of Krishna. The other door east from the above has been somewhat [but]' very rudely ornamented, as will appear from the drawing. Under the arch above the door is an inscription of considerable length. It seems to have been intended to have formed two chambers similar to those of Satgar, but although both have been excavated, neither has been completed nor polished except in a few parts. This is supposed to have been the abode of Lomus Rishi, pronounced Momus Rikhi, or Muni, a hairy saint of these remote times.

Having visited these places I returned to the tank, and ascending a ridge of granite I looked down upon a torrent called Patel Ganga, which in the rainy season contains many pools, near which in the Chaterdesi of Bhadur about 50,000 people assemble, and next day they bathe in the pools, besides that during the whole of Bhadur perhaps 500 people bath daily. The virtues of this were discovered by Ban Raja who founded the temple of Siva on the adjacent hill, and who had a house at Sonpur about three coses west from Karna Chaupar.

Descending to the west side of [the] ridge from which I had viewed Patal Ganga, I found a cavity in the rock about 7 feet high, as much wide, and 9 feet deep. In its far end is a door, and it seems to have been intended to have made a chamber there, but the workman have abandoned it after excavating a few feet in diameter. This excavation has an inscription, and is said to be the Morai or small house of Viswamitri, (1)"by" in M.S.

one of the Munis. The passage between [the] ridge in which it is dug and that on the right of the path by which I ascended, has also been closed by a strong rude wall of stone. On all other sides the small hollow in which these cells are [is] surrounded by the most rugged rocks and precipices. These cells, however, could have only been intended as habitations for ascetics, and why they should have been fortified would be difficult to say. Karna may have been an ascetic by force, and it may have been necessary for his brother to have access shut up. The whole is supposed to have been dug by Karna, and no doubt the cutting and polishing such chambers must have been a costly work, although nothing can be more destitute of convenience, elegance or taste. Although polished they are so sombre that two torches and a lantern with two wax candles served only to make the darkness visible and to see the wall close to where any of the lights was held, but the form could only be ascertained by groping. Our eyes were no doubt dazzled by the sun and lights, and a stay of some time might have rendered the parts more distinct, but the noisome stifling of the air rendered any stay exceedingly disagreeable, and I was satisfied with going round the walls to ascertain whether they contained any passages, ornaments, images, or writing; but the interior of all the chambers is destitute of such. The writing is confined to the sides of the doors, where alone indeed it could be visible.

The granite of these rocks is grey white felspar and glassy quartz in middle-sized grains, with a good deal of black micaceous matter. In some places that have been polished the felspar is reddish, but I did not see any detached blocks of that colour.

I sent a man to the temple of Mahadev on the hill called Surjiruk,' said to have been originally founded by Ban Raja, but there is nothing of antiquity remaining except the images. The linga is generally

(1) Appendix, No. 38.

(2) The Gorathagiri Hill; see J B.O.R.S., Vol. I. Part II. Dec. 1915.

admitted to have been placed there by Ban Asur, but is broken. There are two female figures carved on stone in relief and called Bhairav, Bhairavi, but both are female. One of them has over it an inscription in Deva Nagri, on which account they are probably modern. The present buildings were erected by a Gulal Baruti, a Dosnami Sanniyasi of great virtue and chastity, about 80 years ago. He built several other small temples of Siva in various places. This is called Siddheswar. The temple has been lately repaired by Jevonath, another Dosnami, who built a small chamber near the temple, for the residence of a Sannyasi, but he only stays there at night. The owner, Siva Baruti, of the land attached to the temple lives at Lahagunj1 near Tikari, where he is Mahant of an akhara. About five begahs below the temple towards the east is a natural cave called Yogiasna, or the seat of the Yogi. In this it is said that Goruknath passed some time in prayer, sitting on an asna or seat used in prayer, which remains. The bottom of the cave, which is merely a cavity under an overhanging rock, is said to be always covered with ashes, which many use for putting the mark on their foreheads. A man that I sent says the cave is not deep and contains ashes. All those that bathe in Patalganga make offerings to the Siva, and a few go to Yogi Asna. At the bottom of the hill are to be found scattered many masses of fine iron ore, called Losinghana.

23rd November.-My people being employed on the inscriptions, it was necessary to halt some days at Nagarjuni. I went therefore to visit the neighbourhood. Passing east along the south face of Nagarjuni, I found that from the stair leading up to the Dorga there had run a wall of stone parallel to the hill, and terminating on the Bunbuni where the hill also terminates. The Bunbuni has here on its opposite bank a small granite ridge called Rawa. The Bunbuni a little way

(1) Lashkarganj ?
(2) Appendix, No. 105.
(3) Bhurbhuri, in Report.

below joins the [west] branch of the Fulgo called San, and on their west side is a fine plain called Ram Gaya, about a mile from north to south, bounded on the former by the hill called Soleya and on the south by Nagarjuni, which is a very narrow ridge through the immense blocks of which are many openings that admit the light to pass. The plain from east to west is very irregular, a small hill named Murli rising in its middle and an arm of Nagarjuni passing from its west end far through the plain towards the east. There are many heaps of bricks and stones throughout the plain, and an old road leads up to the top of Murli, where there appears to have been some building; but the most remarkable antiquity is in the recess between the two arms of Nagarjuni. On entering the recess you first find a heap of brick. Then you come to the foundation of a wall of stone forming with the northern arm of the hill an oblong area, in which there is a heap of brick and a well. The west end of the area has been shut up by [a] building of brick, which may have been 50 by 30 feet. It has contained many stones, some of a fine hornblend with very large crystals, but not polished. In the rock immediately adjoining to the east front of the building, is a door leading into a small chamber about 10 feet by 15, arched above and polished, but the arch is not above 9 feet high. There is an inscription on the sides of the door. It is said to be the Mirza mandin or house of a Moslem noble; but the inscription is Hindu. At the north end of the brick building has been a stone door leading out to a small angular recess formed by the meeting of two great blocks of granite. In the face of the western of these blocks is another door with an inscription, leading to another [a] similar cave, but a wall of brick has been built across towards its far end, leaving a small chamber behind, the only access to which is through a kind of window through which a slender man may creep. This is called the abode of Haji Hermain. The house is said to have "East in MS.

(1)

(2) Suar, R.; Sungr, in Buchanan's Map. Phalgo N. or Sunr N.

been [built] by a Naudiya1 Seyud. It is possible that a Moslem may have built his house in the place, and made use of the Hindu cave as a concealment for treasure, and the brick wall countenances this opinion, but no doubt the plain from the number of ruins has been a town, and probably the residence of the Hindu prince of whom so many works remain in the neighbourhood. The neighbouring Brahmans say that Ram performed his ceremony on Gaya here, and still about 20,000 people assemble on the plain on the Viswa or end of Chaitra. The Brahmans of Gaya have found it convenient to have a Ram Gaya nearer themselves but many of the Goyali Brahmans come to the Mela and employ the Srotriya Brahmans of the place to perform some ceremonies for them. The only temple remaining is a small ruinous temple of Siva.

23rd November.-I went above five coses, called three, to visit the quarries near Kukuri. I crossed the Munmuni at the end of Nagarjuni, and about 13 mile from the tents. I came to the bank of the Fulgo, up which I proceeded about half a mile to Sultanpur.3 Where I crossed it the channel is above a quarter of a mile in width, but is even now mere sand with a few shallow pools of water and a very trifling stream indeed, but plenty of good water may at all seasons be procured by digging a very little way into the sand. I continued to go south for about 13 miles until I had the little hill Keni on my right and Lodi on my left, both appear to be small heaps of granite. I then turned east of a mile and passed close by the south side of Lodi. About 1 miles farther east came to Rauniya, a village with a kind of wretched mud castle with loopholes and rather ruinous. About four miles farther on, came to Laili, another village with an old mud castle, and about four miles farther I came to another called Katari. Near this are several images (1) Nawdyah, R.; Nawdia, B.A.; Naudiha.

(2) Khukhari.