not very dry; but if it be very dry, they should lie cut for at least three days. In that case the inner part of the sets gets leave to harden, and the juice is retained, and a strong stem is put forth; but if they are planted as soon as cut, if the ground be dry, their juices are absorbed by the dry soil, and a feeble stem is the consequence. Potato Crops.-A Somersetshire farmer attributes the failure of the potato crops to the practice of cutting large potatoes for planting into two or three pieces. He states that in his part of the country, it was observed, both last year and in the present, that where the farmers and poor men have planted small potatoes whole, in the drill twelve inches asunder, they have never failed to produce a good crop. He has planted whole potatoes, and some of them very small, for the last twenty years, and has always found them to come up. An experienced agriculturist has made some experiments to ascertain the causes of the frequent failures in the potato crops, and the results have led him to the opinion that most of the failures are owing to the seed-potatoes being cut into too many pieces, or to their lying exposed to the sun and air after being cut. When middle-sized potatoes have been taken from the caves or houses, cut into two pieces only, and set immediately, scarcely a failure has occurred. The Turnip Fly.-Report of the Committee of the Doncaster Agricultural Association on the Turnip Fly, and the Means of its Prevention.Ridgway, 1834.-Upon the first head of inquiry-as to the seasons in which the depredations of the fly occur,-it appears that the greater number of correspondents state the months of May and June as the periods of the first attack. It is, however, generally added, that their appearance occurs as soon as the turnip plant itself appears; and many correspondents have observed the insect upon the crops in April, whilst four correspondents have observed them in the gardens as early as March, upon gardensown turnips and cabbage plants. From the whole of the answers it is certain, that, as soon as it is possible to sow field turnips with advantage the fly is ready to attack them, and the possibility of sowing, so as to precede the appearance of the fly, is decisively negatived. Upon the expediency of early sowing with reference to the fly, some maintain, from observation, that the earlier crops have generally escaped better than the later sown; whilst others as strongly object to it, stating their experience to lead them not to sow before Midsummer. One instance of the latter class, in particular, is given as the experience of an old turnip seedsman, "that he had always observed for many years, that those who sowed before Midsummer were his best customers, generally coming for a second supply." The advocates of early sowing contend for it upon the principle that the fly is not so vigorous before the hot weather commences, and the plant has therefore a better chance of growing out of the way. It must, however, be remembered, that if, from the coolness of the weather, the fly is less vigorous, the same circumstances make the growth of the plant less vigorous also. It is also alleged that sowing before Midsummer is detrimental to the general growth of the crop, as it respects its preservation through the winter. As to the latest period when the fly is observed in activity, there is a concurrence of opinion sufficient to establish the fact that no period is too late, provided the weather continue warm. Several instances are given of the plant being destroyed when sown late in August, and one of a crop being destroyed after the middle of September. Either of these periods is obviously too late for the general sowing; and the idea of waiting until the season of the fly is over, before the turnip seed is put in the ground, is shown to be fallacious. Many correspondents allege that the fly is weaker in July; and it is consistent with our general observation upon insects, that, as the season advances, their activity declines; but this must be so entirely dependent upon the weather and the season, that no practical rule can be deduced from such an observation. The season, therefore, properly belonging to the turnip-fly, may be said to coincide with the season of vegetation itself. The observations of those correspondents, who have paid more particular attention to the habits of the insect, entirely support the more cursory observations of the farmer;— they, with one accord, allege that the fly may be procured at all seasons, during which insects are generally at large. A remarkable instance is given by Mr. Henderson of the readiness with which the insect avails itself of the first approaches of Spring to venture out of its hiding-place. He states, "On the 7th of April, I observed a great number of the turnip-fly floating on the water in a cart-track on the outside of a wood near this place (Milton). The track lay a few yards from the edge of the wood, in a grass field adjoining; the morning was very fine, which no doubt had enticed the insects to leave the wood; but, either through inability to take a longer flight, or being blown down by the wind, they were floating in great numbers in the water and mud of the cart-ruts. Almost all their elytræ were raised, and their wings expanded; which left no doubt of their having been flying. On the evening of the same day, I observed great numbers, which had fallen in a similar way, floating on the water in a pond in the Park." USEFUL ARTS. New Moving Power.-At a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences on the 16th of June, a very interesting communication was read from M. Thilorier, a skilful chemist, who exhibited to the academy the apparatus by which he procured a litre (two pints) of liquid carbonic acid in a few seconds. The properties of this substance, he observed, have been but little examined, chiefly because it requires to be confined in close vessels hermetically sealed, and capable of resisting a great pressure. It surpasses all known bodies in the expansion and contraction which it undergoes from given variations of temperature. By raising the temperature from 0 to 30 centigrade, (32 to 86 of Fahrenheit,) a column of the liquefied gas is elongated one-half. With the same change of temperature, a similar column of air is only elongated one-eighth. This enormous dilatation, M. Thilorier thinks, will in future afford the elements of a moving power infinitely more effective, as well as economical, than that which is derived from the expansion of vapour. Steam Carriages.-We have repeatedly insisted that the beneficial application of steam to locomotive carriages is perfectly possible on the existing roads, without the interference with private property and the disfigurement of the face of the country, which are inseparable from the realization of the prevalent mania for railways; and a proof of the correctness of this opinion has just occurred within our own knowledge. A small steam drag has for the last week been running upon the Stratford road, which, we understand, has been built by Mr. Walter Hancock, under an order from Austria. The weight does not exceed 23 tons, (including water and fuel for nine miles,) yet it has made four or five journeys a day, with a steadiness and regularity exceeding all precedent. The average speed of this carriage is from 11 to 12 miles an hour; and although the road was new gravelled for miles together, it passed over this obstacle with astonishing facility, at nine miles, and was propelled up hill at the same rate. The vehicle was well loaded with foreigners of the first respectability, and steered with much skill by the proprietor, Mr. Voigtlander, engineer, of Vienna. Purification of Smoke.-Several German publications contain allusions to the discovery of a new and certain method of remedying all the evils and inconveniencies occasioned by smoke in great towns, made by a Saxon architect named Bernhardt. Though the means by which this important object is accomplished are not explained, the investigation the subject has undergone, and the evidence afforded by public authorities and private individuals in Prussia, where the discovery has been practically applied, seem to leave no doubt as to the successful result of the experiments. Herr Bernhardt, by a chemical process, separates the soot from the smoke, directs the ascent of the latter in a perfectly purified state, and makes the former descend in a manner which keeps the chimneys clean, and is a security against their taking fire. His labours were eminently successful. There are testimonials of success having attended his labours in the palace at Berlin, and in different public offices: but what is not a little remarkable is, that the discoverer should be able to keep his method a secret, notwithstanding so many instances of its application, and the very obvious nature of the effect produced. New Mechanical Power.-An ingenious mechanic at Brussels has just applied a new power to mechanics, from which great results appear to be expected. This new power is galvanism. Across a fly-wheel which is to give motion to the machine, he has placed a metallic bar, previously magnetised by a galvanic pile, and within the attraction of two very powerful magnets. The moment that the bar arrives in a rotatory course at the limit of the attractive power, and where it would necessarily stand still, the inventor, by the application of galvanism, suddenly converts the attractive into a repulsive power, which continues the motion in the same direction, and by these alterations, well managed, the wheel acquires a rapid rotation. The experiment is said to have been completely successful, and the machine worked for a whole hour. NEW PATENTS. To Richard Walker, of Birmingham, in the county of Warwick, manufacturer, for his invention of an improvement in wadding for fire-arms. To Jonas Bateman, of Islington, in the county of Middlesex, cooper, for his invention of an apparatus, or instrument, for saving human life, or other purposes, in cases of shipwreck, or other disasters by water. To John Barton, of Providence-row, Finsbury, in the county of Middlesex, engineer, and Samuel and Joseph Nye, both of St. Andrew's-row, Southwark, in the county of Surrey, mechanics, for their invention of improvements in the construction and application of pumps and machinery for raising fluids, and other purposes. To Thomas Martin Clerk, of Withby Bush, in the parish of Rudbaxton, in the county of Pembroke, for his invention of certain improvements in engines or machinery for cutting or preparing slates, or other similar substances or materials, for various useful purposes. To James Hardy, of Wednesbury, in the county of Stafford, gentleman, for his invention of a certain improvement or certain improvements in the making or manufacturing of axletrees for carriages. To Benjamin Hick, of Bolton-le-Moors, in the county palatine of Lancaster, engineer; Edward Evans the elder, of Oldham, in the said county, coal proprietor; and John Higgins, of Oldham aforesaid, engineer; for their invention of certain improvements in the construction and adaptation of metallic packings for the pistons of steam and other engines, pumps, and other purposes to which the same may be applicable. To William Higgins, of Salford, in the county of Lancaster, machine-maker, for certain improvements in machinery used for making twisted rovings, and yarn of cotton, flax, silk, wool, and other fibrous substances. To John Gold, of Birmingham, in the county of Warwick, glass-cutter, for his invention of certain improvements in cutting, grinding, smoothing, polishing, or otherwise preparing glass decanters, and certain other articles. To John Aston, of Birmingham, in the county of Warwick, button-maker, for his invention of an improvement in the manufacture or construction of buttons. To George Beadon, of Taunton, in the county of Somerset, Lieutenant in the Royal Navy, for his invention of a machine or apparatus for preventing boats or other floating bodies from capsizing or overturning when oppressed by too much sail, and for easing off the ropes and sheets of different classes and descriptions of vessels, parts of which machine or apparatus may be applied for other purposes. To Lemuel Wellman Wright, of Sloane Terrace, Chelsea, in the county of Middlesex, engineer, for his invention of certain improvements in machinery for cutting tobacco, and which machinery may be applicable to other useful purposes. To John Ramsbottom, of Todmorden, in the county of Lancaster, mechanic, and Richard Holt, of the same place, iron-founder, for their invention of certain improvements in the construction of power-looms for weaving cotton and other fibrous materials into cloth or other fabrics. To Peter Wright, of the city of Edinburgh, manufacturer, for his invention of an improved method of spinning, twisting, and twining cotton, flax, silk, wool, or any other suitable substances. To William Septimus Losh, of Walker, in the county of Northumberland, gentleman, for his invention of an improved method of bleaching certain animal fats, and certain animal, vegetable, and fish oils. To James Warne, of Union-street, in the borough of Southwark, pewterer and beer-engine manufacturer, for his invention of certain improvements in engines or machinery for raising, drawing, or forcing beer, ale, and other liquids or fluids. BANKRUPTS, FROM JULY 29, 1834, TO AUGUST 22, 1834, INCLUSIVE. July 29.-W. ALDRIDGE, Maidenhead, chinaman. J. B. HAWKER, Montague-street, Portman-square, plumber. J. and J. KESTEVEN, Strand, mercers. R. KAY, Manchester, rectifier of spirits. W. C. THOMSON, Liverpool, merchant. J. BRATTON, Drayton in Hales, Shropshire, tanner. S. C. JAMES, Digworth, Warwickshire,pork-butcher. E. BAGNALL, Edgbaston, Warwickshire, ironmaster. T. SHOWELL, Aug. 1.-J. BLENCO, Knightsbridge, tailor. Aug. 5.-W. H. JUDD, Union-street, Bath, draper. J. MAWMAN, Arbour-square, Commercial-road East, ship-owner. W. BAKER, Southampton, linen-draper. W. MILLS, Lavenham, Suffolk, innkeeper. S. WARD, Leeds, coach-proprietor. E. IRONMONGER, Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire,builder. J.T. DUTTON, Harrington, Cumberland, manufacturing chemist. J. B. CROME, Norwich, drawing-master. R. W. Aug. 8.-M. MILTON, Brick-street, Mayfair, horse-dealer. F. ALVEN, Walbrook, ostrich-feather-merchant. W. SKEATH, Dаvies-street, Berkeley-square, saddler. THOMAS, Wapping, potato-salesman. STOCKWELL, jun., Bristol, basket-maker. MASON, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, workhouse-master. R. THOMPSON and J. Dixox, Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire, ironfounders. W. TARRANT, Bath-wick, coac maker. S. Aug. 12.-R. ELMORE, Bankside, Soutywark, coal-merchant. G. LUCAS, Denmarkhill, Camberwell, coach-master. A. COLVIN, W. A. BAZETT, D. COLVIN, T. ANDERSON, and D. AINSLIE, now or late of Calcutta, merchants. J. BARNETT, Tottenham-street, Fitzroy-square, copper-plate printer. W. and W. M. MORRIS, Princes-street, Leicestersquare, feather-dressers. J. DUNNE and T. SMITH, Liverpool, merchants. R. and J. MANFIELD, Thirsk, Yorkshire, millers. W. CATTARAL and W. HINDE, Liverpool, drysalters. J. MORGAN, jun., Bristol, jeweller. Aug. 15.-J. SMITH, Old Broad-street, City, stock-broker. J. MALIANI, Charlotte-street, Portland-place, lodging-house-keeper. W. TIMSON, Bush-lane, Cannon-street, wine-merchant. P. WOOD, Spittle-bridge, Yorkshire, innkeeper. G. WILLSON, Atherstone, Warwickshire, victualler. E. THORNE, Bideford, Devonshire, draper. Aug. 19.-G. DIACK, Regent-street, Picca- A. Aug. 22.-J. BELL, Norton-falgate, linendraper. W. PARKER, Horncastle, Lincolnshire, money-scrivener. A. STRATTON and J. H. SECRETAN, Cheapside, factors. J. PHELPS and R. APPLETON, Rayleigh, Essex, linen-drapers. J. KESTERTON, Camberwell, coach-builder. J.T. ARMSTRONG, St. Martin's-street, Leicester-square, oil and colourman. C. FRANKLAND, sen., Susworth, Lincolnshire, maltster. J. WALTHEW, Liverpool, linen-draper. H. R. FANSHAWE, sen., Charlton, Shepton Mallet, Somersetshire, silkthrowster. W. POSTLE, Worstead, Norfolk, corn-merchant. W. R. EUING and H.. BRETTARGH, Liverpool, ship-chandlers. COMMERCIAL AND MONEY-MARKET REPORT. THE accounts from all the considerable wool-manufacturing districts have of late been very satisfactory; the trade in Yarn has been dull, the prices offered having for some time past been lower than under the high quotations of the raw material the spinners could accept; but in this department of manufacture, purchasers are now coming in more freely, being encouraged by the spirit with which the Wool sales in London have gone off at even advanced prices, and by the knowledge they possess that the demand for goods, both for home consumption and for exportation, is likely to continue for some time to come. In Leeds, Bradford, Halifax, and all the great marts for piece goods, the supply is inadequate to the demand; and the stocks on hand, as well in the home trade as in the continental ports, are known to be scanty. In Silk weaving, though there is less activity than in the woollen trade, there is a tolerably steady demand for labour; Cotton is still better, particularly among the hand-loom weavers at Todmorden, where the masters have lately advanced the wages of the workmen one penny per cut; thus raising the remuneration for a good week's work from 78. to 7s. 6d. ; surely with such a rate of wages, (and we firmly believe the manufacturer, who says that he can afford no more,) it is reckless cruelty in the Legislature artificially to enhance the price of bread, which is eminently the poor man's food. The Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons, appointed to inquire into the relative advantages of a discriminating or a fixed rate of duty on Tea, has been published since the commencement of the recess. The Resolution of the Committee is to the following effect:-That as it would be manifestly unjust to the merchants who have ordered Teas from China to alter the law, so as to affect the duties on Teas so ordered, and therefore any change, supposing such desirable, could not take effect for some time to come, and as experience of the working of the present law must be had before the next Session of Parliament, the Committee are of opinion that it is advisable to receive the benefit of such experience before the Legislature determines upon the expediency of any prospective alteration in the duties on Tea. This Report, it will be seen, is a mere evasion of the reference made to the Committee; it being in no degree founded upon the evidence taken, and the recommendation contained in it being, in fact, neither more nor less than this, that the House should abstain from receiving the information which it had deputed the Committee to collect; futile and inconclusive as it is, we believe it was carried by a majority of one only, in a Committee of twenty-three, five of whom were connected officially with the Government. The evidence to which this meagre Report is prefixed, presents, in the interesting and valuable details with which it abounds, a remarkable contrast to the deduction which has been drawn from it. Even apart from all financial considerations, the general inquirer will find ample recompense in the perusal of the evidence of Mr. John Reeves, as to the culture and preparation of the Tea leaf; while with reference to the question of commercial policy, the testimony of Mr. W. Crawford will furnish abundant materials for forming a correct judgment. A careful investigation of the whole of the evidence cannot, we think, leave a doubt on any unprejudiced mind, that a uniform rate must necessarily be adopted in the end. In the Colonial Market, British Plantation Sugars fully maintain their prices, though the demand has latterly suffered some diminution. Grey Jamaica brings 528.; middling grocery, 53s.; good to fine, 55s. to 58s. Mauritius Sugars have advanced; low soft are 46s. 6d.; good Brown, 49s. 6d. to 51s. 6d.; yellow low to fine, 528. to 578. 6d.; very fine yellow, 58s. 6d. Bengal and Manilla continue in demand; for the latter of good quality 25s. is refused. In Foreign Sugars more business might be done, but that the holders require high prices. The Refined Market is firm, and 32s. is now the quotation for fine crushed. The demand for British Plantation Coffee had been languid for some time until towards the close of the month, when an increased activity among purchasers occasioned a rise of 2s. per cwt. in the clean descriptions; Jamaica fine ordinary to fine fine ordinary sold for 74s. 6d. to 78s. 6d., low middling 81s.; Dominica, good ordinary to fine fine ordinary, 66s. 6d. to 768. In Foreign and East India Coffee the transactions are very limited, and the Market generally depressed. Cocoa offers no alterations: grey Trinidad bringing 44s. to 44s. 6d. In Rum there is little business doing; purchasers are waiting the result of infor |