Himalayan Bronzes: Technology, Style, and ChoicesIn many low- and middle-income countries, if civil service reforms are to succeed, governments must improve their performance in a cost-effective manner. To do so requires that they strengthen the capacity of government employees to do their jobs. This book assembles a group of essays that reflect the complexities of designing civil service pay and employment reforms. It builds on a previous set of studies that identified problems and introduces current work that offers prescriptions based on better information, deeper analysis, and more extensive experience with reform implementation. The volume is divided into two parts. Part I introduces the new studies and documents the nature and extent of prevailing difficulties. Chapters on Somalia and Tanzania offer detailed strategies for reform based on empirical findings. Part II examines lessons learned from the implementation of reforms in civil service pay and employment. It draws on evidence from the World Bank's decade-long experience in helping governments implement such reforms and on the extensive reform process in Ghana. |
Contents
Introduction | 15 |
Himalayan Artists and Statues | 16 |
Technology and Provenance Origin Studies | 17 |
The Technological Approach to Art History | 18 |
Casting and Decorating Methods | 19 |
Clay Core Materials | 20 |
Interpretation of Results | 21 |
The Concept of Technological Style | 22 |
Iron | 107 |
Clay Core Materials | 110 |
Mineralogical Analysis | 112 |
Minerals and Features Recorded | 113 |
General Mineralogy of Himalayan Cores | 116 |
Regional Variations in Core Mineralogy | 120 |
Elemental Analysis | 121 |
Regional Variations in Elemental Composition | 122 |
Geography Religion and Archaeology of the Himalayas | 25 |
Northwest India | 26 |
Functions of Himalayan Bronzes | 27 |
Hindu | 28 |
Bonpõ | 29 |
Afghanistan | 34 |
North Pakistan | 35 |
Kashmir | 38 |
Himachal Pradesh | 40 |
West Tibet | 41 |
Central Tibet | 44 |
East Tibet | 47 |
Nepal | 49 |
Preliminary Regional Attributions of Bronzes | 51 |
Casting and Decorating Methods | 53 |
Ethnographic and Historical Studies | 55 |
Statue Examination | 56 |
Features Recorded for Analysis | 58 |
Statue Manufacture in the Himalayas | 60 |
Structure | 62 |
Repairs | 65 |
Finishing and Decoration | 66 |
Pigments | 70 |
Consecration Rites and Relics | 71 |
Back Hole | 72 |
Casting and Decorating Technology and Regional Origins | 73 |
Conclusions | 76 |
Metals | 77 |
Metal Analysis | 79 |
Raw Materials for Copper Alloys Copper | 80 |
Tin | 81 |
Himalayan Alloying Practices | 82 |
Implications of Iron Content | 83 |
Conditions Necessary for Valid Provenance Inferences | 85 |
Regional Variations in Elemental Composition | 86 |
Copper Ore Sources Available to Himalayan Craftsmen | 87 |
North Pakistan | 89 |
Kashmir | 91 |
Himachal Pradesh | 96 |
West Tibet | 98 |
Central and East Tibet | 100 |
Other Regions Adjacent to the Himalayas | 101 |
Sources of Other Metals | 105 |
Gold | 106 |
Conclusions | 123 |
Using Technology to Identify Regional Origins | 124 |
CastingDecorating and Metal Data | 125 |
CastingDecorating Metal and Mineral Data | 126 |
Validation of Statistical Results | 127 |
The Jackknife | 128 |
Deducing Probable Origins of Bronzes | 129 |
Final Results Regional Styles and Iconography of Himalayan Bronzes | 132 |
North Pakistan | 139 |
Kashmir | 150 |
Himachal Pradesh | 175 |
West Tibet | 180 |
Chinese Style | 181 |
Kashmiri Style | 182 |
Northeast Indian and Nepalese Styles | 187 |
West Tibetan Synthesis | 193 |
Central Tibet | 198 |
Northeast Indian Style | 202 |
Nepalese Style | 208 |
Yab Yum Images | 212 |
Teachers and Mahdsiddhas | 215 |
East Tibet | 216 |
Nepal | 220 |
Bronzes of Uncertain Origin | 248 |
New Approaches to Interpreting Worts of Art | 264 |
Geological Factors | 265 |
Conclusions Regarding Technological Choice | 266 |
A Tibetan Case Study | 267 |
Regional Variations of TechnoVisual and Technical Features | 268 |
The Use of Technological Style Analysis | 270 |
Female Deities versus Male Deities | 271 |
Appendices | 272 |
B Metal Compositions | 281 |
C Clay Core Mineralogy | 291 |
D Clay Core Elemental Compositions | 294 |
2 Stepwise Discriminant Analysis | 296 |
3 Thermoluminescence and AMS Carbon14 Tests | 302 |
Glossaries | 304 |
2 Selected Tibetan Terms | 307 |
3 Selected Technical Terms | 308 |
310 | |
330 | |
338 | |
Common terms and phrases
10th-11th century 11th century absent Afghanistan Alice Heeramaneck Collection Angeles County Museum armature art historical artists Avalokitesvara azurite base Bodhisattva Buddha Śākyamuni Buddhist carbon casting and decorating central Tibet century Brass century Leaded brass century Unalloyed copper chalcopyrite chaplets copper-tin-zinc alloy datasets deity discriminant analysis east Tibet elements Ellsworth figure Geological Gift Himachal Pradesh Himalayan Hindu iconographic iron Kashmir Kashmir group Klimburg-Salter 1982 Leaded bronze Leaded copper-zinc-tin alloy Los Angeles County lotus major Mañjuśrī metal Metropolitan Museum minerals mining monastery Museum Associates Purchase Museum of Art Nasli and Alice Nepal Nepalese northwest India objects paintings piece pigment plausible probably quartz Reedy regional groups repairs Robert H samples Schroeder 1981 Silver inlay similar Śiva statistical stylistic Swat Valley technical data technical study techniques technological style Tibetan statues tion Tucci uncertain variables Vishnu west Tibet zinc