Ex.

he سوف يأتي he will come; so also سیاتی . یاتی

This letter is prefixed to verbs, nouns, and particles; it indicates sequence either of effect or time. It gives emphasis to the imperative, and is commonly prefixed to this mood after a conditional sentence, and is united, as a kind of buttress, to other particles. Sometimes it loses its sequential meaning, and is a mere copulative, like

say, the spoils قل الأنفال لله والرسول فاتقوا الله

belong to God and the prophet; reverence God.

ف

may be prefixed to the verb with a signification equivalent to or else, as do not approach this tree or else

one of the idolaters ask thee for help, help him.

كَ

like, is a preposition governing the genitive case, and is prefixed to nouns and independent pronouns; rarely to affixed pronouns.

1. Jis prefixed to Nouns as the sign of the dative, and as a preposition signifying because of, for the sake of, or expressing an oath with wonder.

-I beat him for the sake of instruct ضربته للتاديب

When is prefixed to the Article it causes a contraction, as in the instances already given. J becomes

and as forming the apodosis ان الله لقادر subject, as

3. prefixed to the Present forms the 3rd Pers. of the Imperative, and all the persons of the Subjunc

;let him orite, let them uorite ليكتبوا ليكتب

گرام

tive, as

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that he, thon, or I اكتب لتكتب ليكتب

may write.

God, i.e. I wish that they would so trust.

and drink.

انت and; as we eat ناكل و نشر I and thou انا

.by God والله

2. It expresses an oath, as

3. It signifies with, and then governs the accusa

what hast thou to do with Zeid مالك و زيدا tive, as

4. It is equivalent to whilst, and then throws the verb

into the subjunctive, as

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132

لا تاكل السمك و تشرب اللبن

thou shalt not eat fish whilst thou art drinking milk;

or to though, and is loosely added with a verb in the

تسمعون present, as turn not away لا تولوا عنه و انتم تسمعون

from him (God), though you hear his commands.

ADVERBS.

In special forms of Adverb the Arabic language is scanty, but the deficiency is amply supplied by the power of adverbializing. The accusatives of all substantives and verbals may be used adverbially.

ونا

Ex. by day, I by night, ie, anxiously,

on the right, on the left, some day,

داخلا

The following list of common Adverbs may be useful: