The word 'Faculty' is used in two senses. In its primary and original meaning it denotes one of the branches of study in which the University grants degrees. From the account given below in Chapter XII it will be seen that there are at present only four Faculties in which the full privileges of a degree can be obtained. These are the 'superior' Faculties of Theology, Law, and Medicine, so called because their degrees are open only to Candidates who have already graduated in the fourth and ‘inferior' Faculty of Arts. Owing however to the institution of the numerous Final Honour Schools, which are still technically Examinations in Arts,' it became possible to take a degree in Arts after courses of study which either belonged properly to the province of the superior Faculties, or, as in the case of Modern History and Natural Science, were not recognized by any of the existing Faculties. It was felt to be inconvenient, if not impossible, to allow such a complexity of studies to be under the supervision of the single Faculty of Arts. Accordingly the Act of 1877 (which came into effect in 1882) has met this difficulty partly by dividing the Faculty of Arts into three distinct Faculties, partly by the creation of a Faculty of Natural Science, and partly by surrendering to the superior Faculties of Theology and Law those portions of the Arts curriculum which properly belong to them. But while retaining the word 'Faculty,' this Act has given it a secondary meaning by defining it as 'any branch or aggregate of branches of the studies pursued in the University which for the time being shall be represented by a separate Board.' In this sense the Faculties at present are Theology, Law, Natural Science (which includes Mathematics), and Arts (which is represented by the three Faculties of Literae Humaniores, Oriental Languages, and Modern History). But though the difficulty of supervision has been surmounted, the Act leaves the University in the somewhat anomalous position of granting fully privileged degrees in only four Faculties, while seven distinct Faculties control the examinations which enable a candidate to qualify himself for such degrees.

Each of the seven Boards of Faculties consists of the Professors and Readers of the Faculty, and an equal number of other members elected by College Tutors and Lecturers, together with a small number of co-opted members. Each Board elects its own Chairman, but all have a permanent Secretary in common. These bodies,

together with four Boards of Studies (which in the main are mixed committees drawn from two or more Boards of Faculties), are invested with the control of all examinations, in which a candidate must show proficiency before he can supplicate for a degree in Arts or in any of the superior Faculties. They are required to exercise a general supervision over the subjects of examination in the several 'Schools' placed under their charge, to issue lists of books and subjects from time to time, and to fix, if they think fit, the minimum amount of work to be offered by candidates for Honours. All 'public' lectures are placed under their superintendence, that is to say, all lectures to which all members of the University are admitted either by right, as in the case of those delivered by Professors and Readers, or by arrangement, as in the case of those delivered by Tutors and Lecturers. The power of the Boards in this department is limited to the recommendation of any alteration that they may think necessary in the day, the hour, or the subject of a lecture. If their recommendations are disregarded by any Lecturer other than a Professor or Reader, the lecture in question may be excluded from the official list. In the case of a Professor or Reader the Boards cannot exclude such a lecture, but may report the matter to the Vice-Chancellor. This places a very considerable authority in the hands of the Boards, since the 'Honour' lectures advertised in the official list are open to those Colleges only which themselves contribute a lecture to the list. Consequently a lecturer whose name was excluded from the list of his Faculty might find his pupils debarred from attending any lectures but his own.

Recently these Boards have been entrusted with the supervision of candidates for the newly instituted degrees in Letters and Science, of which an account is given in Chapter XI.

LECTURES.

The subjects on which lectures are provided either by the University or the Colleges are very numerous and various, and those given by Professors and Readers are restricted only by the conditions of the different Chairs or Readerships. But many professorial lectures, and nearly all lectures given by College Tutors and Lecturers, have some reference to the requirements of the Ex

amination Statutes, and are therefore sharply divided into 'Pass' Lectures and Honour' Lectures. The lectures which are intended to qualify candidates for the Pass Examinations are as a rule given only to the members of the particular College to which the Lecturer belongs, or for which he is lecturing, although it is in some cases possible for members of Colleges other than that for which the lecture is given to obtain admission to the lectures by the payment of a small fee.

A course of lectures usually consists of one, two, or (most commonly) three lectures a week for the eight weeks of full Term; the delivery of each lecture occupying a little less than an hour. Most lectures are given at 10 or 11 A.M. or at noon, but professorial lectures which are not intended for the candidates in a particular School are generally given at 1 or at 2 P.M., and occasionally a course of lectures is given at 4.45 or 5.45 P.M. The number of lectures attended by an Undergraduate varies with circumstances, but any Undergraduate whose name has been entered on a Lecturer's list is expected either to attend or to excuse his absence.

TUITION.

As has been explained above (Chap. IV), the University as such does not, in providing its courses of teaching and examinations, make any disciplinary regulations, except that it refuses the B.A. degree to any one who cannot produce certificates of proficiency in certain prescribed subjects of study; the duty of securing the industry and providing for the requirements of the individual student is left wholly to the different Societies within the University. Both the Colleges and Halls and the Delegates of Non-Collegiate Students make provision for the due regulation and supervision of the studies of their junior members, and every Undergraduate is, on coming into residence, referred by the officers of the Society in which he has matriculated to some one who will be able to advise him both at first in his selection of his course of study and subsequently in his preparation for an Examination or 'School.' Changes in the University curriculum, and the multiplication of the alternatives open to candidates in the different Schools, as well as the increased number of Undergraduates requiring instruction, have made it impossible for

the two or three Tutors (properly so called) in each College to undertake the whole of the tutorial work required by the College, and the difficulty has been met by the appointment of College 'Lecturers,' who, though they are sometimes not resident within the walls of the College, and are sometimes primarily at all events members of another College, are nevertheless in fact, if not in name, Tutors of the College or Colleges whose members they teach, so that in this way a University Professor or Reader may, as a College Lecturer, become responsible for some part of the ordinary College tuition. The tuition supplied by the Colleges in this way is now very complete, and unless an Undergraduate happens to require teaching in some subject not very commonly studied, he will not, if he is of average ability, need the assistance of a private Tutor. Occasionally indeed a candidate for Honours may for one reason or another find it advantageous to read for a Term or two Terms with some one who has given special attention to some part of the subjects which the candidate is offering for an Examination, but as a rule only those who from defective training or other causes fall below the average standard of attainment require more full and individual help than the College organizations can afford. And before he selects a private Tutor an Undergraduate should consult his College Tutor, whose opinion will probably be a safer guide than mere report.

College tuition is a charge in College battels, and is stated under the head of each College in Chapter III: the fee of a private Tutor is fixed by long-established custom at £10 for an hour's teaching on each of three days in the week for eight weeks; if more or less teaching is given the fee varies accordingly. Some private Tutors form small classes, the fee for which varies with the Tutor and with the subject of study.

CHAPTER VII.

EXAMINATIONS.

THE teaching and many of the other advantages of the University are open to all its members, whether they do or do not enter for and pass its Examinations; but the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and consequently all degrees of which the B.A. degree is a condition precedent—all degrees, that is, except those in Music and the newly established degrees in Letters and Science—are open only to those who are willing to pursue the courses of study recognized by the University. Any one therefore who wishes to reside without entering for the Examinations in Arts, should obtain beforehand exemption from the often strict regulations of the different Societies within the University, to one of which he must necessarily belong. Such exemption is often allowed by Colleges upon proof of the intention of serious study, and the Delegates of Non-Collegiate Students have made a special regulation providing for the admission of persons not proposing to proceed to the B.A. degree (p. 21).

The admission of candidates for the new 'Research' degrees who have not qualified for a degree in Arts is regulated by University Statute (pp. 227-230); and compliance with the Statute will no doubt be regarded as sufficient qualification for admission to any Society within the University.

Examinations in Arts, more usually called 'Schools,' are sharply divided into Pass and Honour Examinations; in the former there is but one standard, in the latter the names of candidates who satisfy the examiners are distributed into three or four classes, each of which represents a different level of merit. No one is admitted to a place in the Class Lists who has exceeded a certain number of Terms reckoned from the date of his matriculation, but no limits of