XXXII. 1542. g CHA P. lished by his own authority, and that of the parlia ment, this new model of orthodoxy. It differs from the Institution ; but the King was no less positive in his new creed than he had been in the old; and he required the belief of the nation to veer about at his signal. In both these compositions he was particularly careful to inculcate the doctrine of passive obedience; and he was equally careful to retain the nation in the practice. h WHILE the King was spreading his own books among the people, he seems to have been extremely perplexed, as were also the clergy, what course to take with the Scriptures. A review had been made by the synod, of the new translation of the Bible; and Gardiner had proposed, that instead of employing English expressions throughout, several Latin words should still be preserved; because they contained, as he pretended, such peculiar energy and significance, that they had no correspondent terms in the vulgar tongue. Among these, were, ecclesia, pænitentia, pontifex, contritus, holocausta, sacramentum, elementa, ceremonia, mysterium, presbyter, sacrificium, humilitas, satisfactio, peccatum, gratia, hostia, charitas, &c. But as this mixture would have appeared extremely barbarous, and was plainly calculated for no other purpose than to retain the people in their ancient ignorance, the proposal was rejected. The knowledge of the people, however, at least their disputative turn, seemed to be an inconvenience still more dangerous; and the King and parliament', soon after the publication of the Scriptures, retracted the concession which they had formerly made; and prohibited all but gentlemen and merchants from perusing them. * Even that liberty k Collier, vol. ii. p. 190. Burnet, vol. i. p. 315. Which met on the 22d of January 1543. was 33 Hen. VIII. c. i. The reading of the Bible, however, could not at that time have much effect in England, where so few persons XXXII. 1542. was not granted without an apparent hesitation, CHA P. and a dread of the consequences: These persons were allowed to read, so it be done quietly and with good order. And the preamble to the act sets forth, "That many seditious and ignorant persons had "abused the liberty granted them of reading the 66 Bible, and that great diversity of opinion, ani"mosities, tumults, and schisms, had been occa"sioned by perverting the sense of the Scriptures." It seemed very difficult to reconcile the King's model for uniformity with the permission of free enquiry. THE mass-book also passed under the King's revisal; and little alteration was as yet made in it: Some doubtful or fictitious saints only were struck out; and the name of the Pope was erased. This latter precaution was likewise used with regard to every new book that was printed, or even old book that was sold. The word Pope was carefully omitted or blotted out'; as if that precaution could abolish the term from the language, or as if such a persecution of it did not rather imprint it more strongly in the memory of the people. THE King took care about this time to clear the churches from another abuse which had crept into them. Plays, interludes, and farces, were there often acted in derision of the former superstitions; and the reverence of the multitude for ancient principles and modes of worship was thereby gradually effaced. " We do not hear that the catholics attempted to retaliate, by employing this powerful engine against their adversaries, or endeavoured by like arts to expose that fanatical spirit by which it appears the reformers were frequently actuated. m had learned to read. There were but 500 copies printed of this first authorized edition of the Bible; a book of which there are now several millions of copies in the kingdom. 'Parliamentary History, vol. iii. p. 113. - Burnet, vol.i. p. 318. VOL. IV. Q Perhaps 1542. CHAP. Perhaps the people were not disposed to relish a XXXII. jest on that side: Perhaps the greater simplicity and the more spiritual abstract worship of the protestants, gave less hold to ridicule, which is commonly founded on sensible representations. It was, therefore, a very agreeable concession which the King made to the catholic party, to suppress entirely these religious comedies. THUS Henry laboured incessantly, by arguments, creeds, and penal statutes, to bring his subjects to an uniformity in their religious sentiments: But as he entered himself with the greatest earnestness into all those scholastic disputes, he encouraged the people, by his example, to apply themselves to the study of theology; and it was in vain afterwards to expect, however present fear might restrain their tongues or pens, that they would cordially agree in any set of tenets or opinions prescribed to them. CHAP. XXXIII. War with Scotland. - Victory at Solway. - Death of Rupture with France.-A Parliament.- Affairs of Scotland.-A Parliament.-Campaign in France. -A Parliament.-Peace with France and Scotland. ·Persecutions.-Execution of the Earl of Surrey. Attainder of the Duke of Norfolk.-Death of the King. - His Character.- Miscellaneous Transactions. XXXIII. 1542. HENRY, being determined to avenge himself CHAP. on the King of Scots for slighting the advances which he had made him, would gladly have obtained a supply from Parliament, in order to War with prosecute that enterprise; but as he did not think Scotland. it prudent to discover his intentions, that assembly, conformably to their frugal maxims, would understand no hints; and the King was disappointed in his expectations. He continued, however, to make preparations for war; and as soon as he thought himself in a condition to invade Scotland, he published a manifesto, by which he endeavoured to justify hostilities. He complained of James's breach of word, in declining the promised interview; which was the real ground of the " quarrel : But in order to give a more specious colouring to the enterprise, he mentioned other injuries; namely, that his nephew had granted protection to some English rebels and fugitives, and had detained some territory, which Henry pretended be n Buchanan, lib. 14. Drummond in James the Fifth, Q 2 longed 1542. CHAP. longed to England. He even revived the old claim XXXIII. to the vassalage of Scotland, and he summoned James to do homage to him as his liege lord and superior. He employed the Duke of Norfolk, whom he called the scourge of the Scots, to command in the war; and though James sent the Bishop of Aberdeen, and Sir James Learmont, of Darsay, to appease his uncle, he would hearken to no terms of accommodation. While Norfolk was assembling his army at Newcastle, Sir Robert Bowes, attended by Sir Ralph Sadler, Sir Ralph Evers, Sir Brian Latoun, and others, made an incursion into Scotland, and advanced towards Jedburgh, with an intention of pillaging and destroying that town, The Earl of Angus, and George Douglas, his brother, who had been many years banished their country, and had subsisted by Henry's bounty, joined the English army in this excursion; and the forces commanded by Bowes, exceeded four thousand men. James had not been negligent in his preparations for defence, and had posted a considerable body, under the command of the Earl of Huntley, for the protection of the borders. Lord Hume, at the head of his vassals, was hastening to join Huntley, when 24th Aug. he met with the English army; and an action immediately ensued. During the engagement, the forces under Huntley began to appear; and the English, afraid of being surrounded and overpowered, took to flight, and were pursued by the enemy. Evers, Latoun, and some other persons of distinction, were taken prisoners. A few only of small note, fell in the skirmish.° THE Duke of Norfolk, meanwhile, began to move from his camp at Newcastle; and being attended by the Earls of Shrewsbury, Derby, Cumberland, Surrey, Hertford, Rutland, with many others of the nobility, he advanced to the borders. His forces |