ant, in fee by a full covenant warranty deed free from all reasonable objections and from all incumbrances, except such incumbrances as should be made, or caused or suffered to be made by the defendant; the latter agreed to complete the contract and to take title within eight months. The plaintiffs also covenanted that Sarah James was seized in her own right of a good title to said premises in fee simple. It was also agreed that the plaintiffs at their election might mortgage each of said lots to the amount of $15,000, and convey the same subject to said mortgages in lieu of purchase-money for the same amount.

The Court found that on the same day the contract was made plaintiffs conveyed the premises by warranty deed to Isaac B. Findull, subject to no incumbrances whatever. Defendant never entered into possession of the premises, but refused to erect the buildings because the plaintiffs could give no valid title to the property.

It appeared that some months after, but before the expiration of the eight months, Findull reconveyed to Mrs. James. Findull was a former clerk of James, and the conveyance to him was without consideration. He knew at the time he received the deed of the contract between the parties.

E. H. Benn for appellants.

Osborn E. Bright for respondent.

MILLER, J. The plaintiffs, in their contract with the defendant, covenanted that Sarah James, one of them, was seized in her own right of a good title to the premises in fee simple which were to be conveyed to the defendant; and it was further provided, that the plaintiffs, if they so desire, could mortgage each of the lots to the amount of $15,000. On the same day after the contract bears date, and when the parties acknowledged its execution, the plaintiffs conveyed the premises by warranty deed to one Findull, subject to no incumbrances whatever. The question presented is, whether the plaintiffs had a right thus to impair the title, or in any other manner than by the mortgages provided for; and, as this conveyance was made to Findull, whether the plaintiffs had not violated the covenant, and the defendant was thereby released from any liability under the contract? The plaintiffs' counsel insists that the fact that another person held the legal title for a portion of the intervening time, or that the defendant, prior to the time fixed for taking title, was required by independent covenants to do certain acts and things toward the performance of the contract on his part, is immaterial. We think he is in error in this respect, and, under the provisions of the contract, the transfer of the title to Findull by the plaintiffs was important and material.

By the contract, as will be seen by reference to the same, the a defendant agreed to erect buildings upon the lots, of a certain style and quality, and of considerable value, within seven months from the date, the plaintiffs to advance money from time to time on each of such buildings. The lots were to be conveyed by the plaintiffs by warranty deed, free from incumbrances, except such as should be caused or suffered by the defendant, who was to take title and pay for the same within eight months from date. It is apparent from the terms of the contract that the defendant must have relied to a considerable extent upon the personal responsibility of the plaintiffs. Upon the faith of an existing and perfect title in Mrs. James, he was to take possession, erect valuable buildings, and expend large amounts of money. The covenant that Mrs. James was seized and the permission given to mortgage the premises was not only an inducement for the expenditure of $60,000, to be made by the defendant, as the contract provided, but a guaranty that no other incumbrances should be placed upon the property. The covenant of seizin would be of no benefit if the plaintiffs could convey to a stranger without its violation, and compel the defendant to erect the buildings upon lands to which he might never acquire any title, and, in that event, to trust entirely to an action at law against the plaintiffs for reimbursement or indemnity. From the contract, it is evident that the intention of the parties was that the defendant should be protected in taking possession of the premises, and in the erection of buildings thereon, and, under the circumstances of the case, that the title should remain unimpaired in Mrs. James until the conveyance was delivered. Instead of this, on the very day the contract was acknowledged the plaintiffs conveyed the premises to Findull, who had been a clerk of Mr. James, and who took it in trust for Mrs. James 'and paid no consideration for the conveyance. They thus parted with all their right and title to the lot, and subjected the defendant to the hazard of losing what might be expended upon the same. As the testimony stood, we think the defendant was not bound to proceed and complete the contract after the plaintiffs had parted with their title by a conveyance to a stranger.

The conveyance by the plaintiffs and the execution of the mortgages by the defendant, according to the contract for the price of the lots and advances, were to be simultaneous acts. In such a case the covenants are dependent, and there must be an existing capacity in the one who is to convey, to give a good title. This distinction is stated fully by Spencer, J., in Robb v. Montgomery, 20 Johns. 15. The expenditure to be made, which

was very large, should not, in view of the peculiar provisions of the contract, be regarded as an ordinary payment on account of the purchase-money, as the covenants were manifestly intended and must be considered as mutual and dependent. Judson v. Wass, 11 Johns. 525; Tucker v. Woods, 12 Johns. 190. We have carefully examined all the cases cited to sustain the proposition contended for by the plaintiffs' counsel, and we think that none of them uphold the doctrine that in a case presenting the characteristic features of the one at bar, a conveyance to a third party is not material.

Some stress is laid by the appellants' counsel upon the provision in the contract that the plaintiffs agreed "to sell and convey, or cause to be conveyed." This is not controlling ; and taking the whole contract together, we think that the testimony shows that the defendant did not intend to accept any other warranty than that of the plaintiffs. That Findull knew of the contract with the defendant at the time he took the deed, and therefore he took it subject to the rights of the defendant and could have been compelled to convey, is not important, for, as we have seen, the defendant lost the benefit of the plaintiffs' responsibility by the transfer of the title without any consideration whatever to a person of at least doubtful responsibility, and thus was not sufficiently protected in making the large expenditure required for the building of the houses. The defendant had a right to rely upon the responsibility of the plaintiffs under the contract, and the want of it may well have prevented the defendant from taking possession and from erecting the buildings as was intended. The subsequent reconveyance by Findull to Sarah James could have no effect in restoring the defendant's rights which were affected by the conveyance to Findull. The conveyance from Findull to the plaintiffs was not made until some months after the conveyance by the plaintiffs to him, and was recorded even long after that, and it is not proved to have been brought to the knowledge of the defendant. The defendant, with knowledge of the want of title in the plaintiffs, was not, under the covenants in the contract, bound to take possession and proceed with the erection of the buildings.

The question whether the deed to Findull was made and delivered before or after the making and delivery of the contract is not vital, as in either contingency the plaintiffs had broken the covenant of seizin, and as the covenants were dependent and mutual, the defendant was under no obligation to proceed and erect the buildings and fulfil the terms of the contract. In view of the covenants which have been considered, the contract was at an end when the conveyance was made to Findull. The

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