Cytogenetics: An Introduction

aberrations aborted acentric fragment anaphase arm of chromosome autotetraploid bivalents breeding data centromere chiasma chiasmata chro chromatids chromo chromosomal segments chromosome associations chromosome number configurations courtesy of Dr crossing crossing-over cytogenetics cytological deficient chromosome dicentric diploid diploid species diplotene dominant allele double crossing-over Drosophila melanogaster duplication eukaryotic extra chromosome fertile frequency gametic gametophyte genes genetic genic genomes haploid heterochromatic heterozygous homologous chromosomes homozygous interchange complex interspecific hybrids inversion isochromosome knob locus maize megaspore meiocytes meiosis meiotic division microspores mitosis mitotic divisions monoploids monosomic mosome mutant nondisjunction nucleolus nucleus nullisomic orientation pachytene chromosomes pair parent percent phenotype Photograph courtesy plant species pollen grains polyploid polyploid species primary trisomics produce progeny prophase quadrivalents raw end reciprocal translocation recombination Rhoades ring chromosome seed self-pollinated semisterile sex chromosomes short arm somatic sperm spindle apparatus spores standard chromosome strands telocentric telophase tetraploid tomato translocation chromosome trisomic types univalents X chromosome yield zygotic