Sing. in -1. Latin Gen. lupai be derived, as the exhibits an awo or no?' (3) That the original Gen. Sing. of -e stems. Gen. Plur.: Indo-European type. corresponding Greek feminine nowhere (Comp. Grammar, § 189). termination was o-is (i. e. -as added to the stem), the final -s being lost, and -oi contracted to -i. This explanation is made more probable by traces of a final -s in the other Italian dialects: e. g. Oscan suveis (sui), Pumpaianeis (Pompeiani); Umbrian puples (populi), katles (catuli), etc., which lead us to infer an Italic genitive in -ois, whence Oscan -eis, Umbrian -es, Latin -i. The analogy of fem. astems will also bear out this conclusion. For them we have in paterfamilias and the old genitives terrás (Naev.), viás (Enn.), etc. distinct evidence of a termination -ás, the readiest solution for which is that it is a contraction for -a-is (is=as added to the stem), a termination found in one old inscription in Prosepnais=Proserpinae, and on vulgar inscriptions (not before seventh century A. U. C.) appearing as -aes or -as (chiefly in proper names of freedwomen and slaves Juliaes, Anniaes, Vernaes, etc.). The other form in -ai (Lucr. and Verg.) or -ae may then be traced to the same -ais by loss of final -s, and corresponds exactly to agri=agroi from agro-is. This explanation, which reconciles the two forms -as and -ai (ae), and harmonises the declension of both masc. and fem. a- stems (o- and a-) appears upon the whole the simplest and most satisfactory. Of stems in -e four forms of gen. sing. are found, viz. -ēs (rabies, Lucr. iv. 1083), -ei, -ē (fide, Hor. Od. iii. 7. 4; die, Verg. G. i. 208) and -i (v. 1. in Aen. i. 636, dii, and elsewhere ; see Roby, Latin Grammar, i. § 357). Of these -ē and -ī are contractions of -ei: -ei and -es are phonetic varieties of -ai and -as of the a- stems, and the same explanation covers both. Genitive Plural : The original Indo-European type is inferred to be -as-ams, i. e. -as (gen. sing.) + -am (pronominal element found in bhy-am etc. see p. 120) + -s (plural sign). This -asams would gradually sink to -asām, -sām, -ām; of which forms, -ām=Greek -ων, Latin -um; -sām=Latin -rum of a- and o- stems; while the quantity of o before -rum (equōrum from stem equŏ), and of Sanskrit têshâm (horum) from stem ta (hic) perhaps points Gen. Plur. to -asam, whose initial vowel coalescing with the stem vowel would make a long syllable. [In Sanskrit only the pronominal declension retains this trace of the longer form -sam or -asam : with nouns, -ām is added direct to consonant stems, e.g. vāk ́-ām (voc-um), while vowel stems are increased by n before the addition of -am, e. g. áçvā-n-ām (áçva-s), ávī-n-ām (avi-).] Greek Genitive Plural, -wv=-âm is added to the stem. The In Greek; o- of o- stems coalesces with it, λúkwv=λukó-wv: and the same is apparently the case with a stems, viz. xwpŵv=xwpá-wv. The fem. gen. plur., however, is always accented with circumflex, the masc. only when the accent of nom. sing. is oxytone : and it has been supposed that this difference points to an original difference in formation, the ā- stems having the suffix -σων (-sam); so that χωρῶν= χωράσων. This is to some extent borne out by the Homeric form ā-wv of such gen. plur., and the comparison of e. g. rá-wv gen. plur. fem. with Sanskrit tâ-sâm (harum) from stem ta. σ would of course naturally fall out between two vowels. Tá-wv, is-ta-rum and tá-sâm would thus be parallel forms. Latin Genitive Plural. Formed by adding -um or -om (found In Latin. in u- stems, and in o- stems after u or v) to consonantal o- ior u- stems: e. g. fulmin-um, avi-um, magistratuom, fructuum; and -uum sometimes contracted into um, passum (Lucilius, Martial), currum (Verg. Aen. vi. 653). Many consonantal stems are increased by -i on analogy of the -¿ stems, e.g. merc-i-um, penat-i-um, amant-i-um (also amantum, which is not a contraction of, but an earlier form than that in -ium): but this addition is very rare with stems ending in -n, -r, -s (except vir-i-um, complur-i-um). Some consonantal stems follow analogy of -u stems, e. g. alitu-um (Lucr. and Verg.) beside alit-um. o- stems (masc. and neut.) add either -um (-om) or -orum (-asam) to the stem. The first is not, as sometimes regarded, a contraction of the longer form it is in fact probably the older, being the only one known to the Umbrian and Oscan dialects, occurring exclusively on early coins of fifth century Gen. Plur. Ablat. Sing., in what languages retained. A. U. C., and most frequently on inscriptions of an early date (Romanom, sovom=suorum, divom, etc.). The other form in -ōrum gradually superseded it, and occurs commonly on inscriptions of the second century B. C. and later and in and after Cicero's time1, the form in -um was found only in certain words: e. g. nummum, denarium, etc.; duum, ducentum and other numerals, especially distributive; deum, divum, virum and compounds, Italum, etc.; nostrum and vestrum (see below, p. 136). a- stems form gen. plur. in -ārum; but -um is formed (1) from masc. patronymics in -des (Aeneadum, etc.), (2) compounds of gigno and colo (terrigenum, caelicolum) — both in dactylic poetry only; (3) from the fem. stems amphora, drachma (but these are probably borrowed from Greek). -e stems have the form in -rum (dierum, etc.). in The forms boverum, nucerum, regerum, lapiderum, noticed by Varro, seem (if genuine) to point to the occurrence of the longer form in consonantal stems with e-i as a connecting vowel; i being suffixed to the stem as with the other form in -um where the termination -ium is formed from a purely consonantal stem. Another explanation supposes an addition to the stem of -er, because in some words an -r is found in gen. sing. (acipenseris, cucumeris, etc.), and is therefore perhaps not peculiar to the plural number in the words in question. The Genitive Dual agrees in form with the Dative Dual (p. 123). Ablative Singular : The Ablative is most closely allied in meaning to the Genitive, and has been retained as a distinct form in Declension only by Old Persian (Zend) and Latin. Sanskrit preserves it in masc. and neut. a- stems, Greek in adverbs in -ws, where s=t of Sanskrit ablative; this -t probably representing an original -d retained in Old Latin, and also in Zend. Thus oμôs=oμwr=samat, abl. of sama, 'similar: „ŵs (Ionic Kas)=I. E. kvat, abl. of kva. The Sanskrit a- stems (masc. and neutr.) preserve the final -t (sivât, áçvāt): in all others -t has 1 See Cicero, 'Orator,' xlvi. § 155; and compare Roby's 'Latin Grammar,' § 365 (vol. i. p. 124). become -s, as in Greek, and the ablative is therefore identical Ablat. Sing. in form with the genitive in -as; such merging being prevented in the a- stems by the retention of the longer genitive form in -sya. Latin Ablative Singular : Here the original -d (as in Zend d-written by Schleicher) In Latin. has been retained; but is only found in Old Latin and Oscan, being lost in Classical Latin and Umbrian. Thus we find on inscriptions senatud, praidad; gnaivod (Ep. Scip. Appendix I. i. 1); sententiad, couentionid, and the adverbs suprad, extrad, facilumed (S. C. de Bacch., Appendix I. ii.). This form facilumed, with e. g. Oscan amprufi-d (=improbe), shows that the ordinary adverbial termination in -e is an ablative in -ēd, from adjectives in -us, -a, -um, and thus distinguished in form from the masc. and fem. ablatives in -od, -ad (which are also sometimes adverbial, as in cito(d), supra(d), contra(d), etc.). The original quantity of the adverbial ablative in -ē(d) is generally retained though shortened in some words in constant use, e. g. beně, malě, In o-, a-, e-, and u- stems, the long vowel of the ablative -ō, -ā, -ē, -ū was originally followed by the characteristic -d, which fell off at an early period. The latest inscription on which it occurs is the S. C. de Bacch (186 B. c.), a formal legal document with much in its orthography that was probably archaic at the time; and it is by no means found constantly even in the earliest inscriptions. Plautus seems to have used it or not as he chose; and forms like -med, -ted, -sed are freely restored by his modern editors metri gratia 1. In consonant and i- stems we find both - and -ě as abl. terminations. In classical Latin, most adjectives in -is have i (thereby securing a distinction from the neut. sing. in -ě); most substantives and participles -ě. Some substantives however regularly have i (see above, p. 108, note); in others which usually have -ě, -i is also found, especially in Lucretius (see Munro on i. 978). In late and vulgar Latin all ablatives in 1 Ritschl, 'Neue Plautin.' Excurs. i. 106. Latin. Ablat. Sing. -¿ are weakened to -ě. The history of the forms is as follows. The original form was probably -id (I. E. -ût), seen e. g. in murid (Columna Rostrata, B. C. 260), couentionid (S. C. de Bacch.), and traceable in ante-hac (the non-elision of which is perhaps due to its original form antid-hac). This id became -ed and then -ē, which quantity is found on the Epit. of Scipio Barbatus (Appendix I) in a Saturnian verse, Gnaivod | patrē | || prognatus . . ., and Plaut. Capt. 807 (trochaic), Tum pistores scrofipasci qui alunt furfurē sues. From 150 B. C. onwards -ĕ becomes most common. -ei and -ī are also found: e. g. on Ep. Scip. 4 (Appendix I. i.), virtutei, ablat., and in consonantal stems, luci Plaut. Aul. 741; Ter. Ad. 841; Lucr. iv. 235; Cic. Phil. xii. 25. The tendency of pronunciation to obscure and weaken all final syllables brought all these forms at last down to the weakest form -ě (see above, p. 53). The Ablative Plural agrees in form with the Dative Plural (see p. 122). Loc. Sing., Locative Singular : The general type is -i, for Indo-European noun-stems; but pean type. pronominal stems have in, which is the older form, and probably connected with a pronominal roots-m, weakened first to -an then to -in. The locative termination of fem. stems in Sanskrit -ām seems to point to the oldest form of the suffix. The locative is retained as an independent case in Sanskrit, Zend, Sclavonic, Lithuanian; in Greek, Latin, Teutonic, and Keltic, it has coalesced with the dative (its functions being also shared with gen. and abl. in Greek and Latin). In Greek, the dative singular in - is properly a locative form Tod-i, yéрovт-, etc.: and the locative meaning is retained in such forms as Μαραθώνι, Σαλαμίνι, νυκτὶ, κ.τ.λ. The dative of oand a- stems is a true dative (see below, p. 120): but side by side with it we find locative forms such as οἴκοι (οίκο- + ι) χαμαὶ (xapa-+1). This locative -o of o- stems becomes in Aeolic v— τυῖδε, μεσυί; and in Doric -er, e. g. πεῖ (ποῖ), τηνεῖ, τουτεῖ, τεῖδε : | this form in -ει being also found in Attic αμαχεὶ, πανοικεὶ, ἐκεῖ (=¿-ko-î from stem κo-). ayxt is perhaps locative (=äyxeı) from |