ciple Suffix (see p. 46). So we have elici-tum, but illec-tum; and in Past Particertain words the connecting-vowel, not used before the past--tus. participle and supine, is inserted before the fut. participle for euphony (or-tus, or-i-turus; mor-ž-turus; par-ž-turus, par-tus). Verbs in -uo (u- stems) generally have u preceding t of participle or supine, e. g. acū-tus, exū-tus, imbū-tus, etc. The stemvowel of such verbs being generally й, the u is perhaps due to coalescence of a connecting-vowel with the stem-vowel, e.g. imbu-i-tus, imbu-tus. A few verbs retain u, e. g. ră-tum (according to Varro rūtum), the future participle being ru-i-turus, cp. ob-rutus: and clu-tus from clu-eo (kλú-w), whence in-clu-tus. t to Conso With consonant-stems the suffix -t- appended to the verb- Addition of stem is sometimes softened to s, usually by the influence of nant-stems. a preceding dental (all dental-stems having -sus, -sum in past participle and supine 1). The dental either drops out, the preceding vowel being lengthened in compensation (e. g. divī-sum =divid-tum, man-sum=mand-tum), or it is assimilated (messum = met-sum, quas-sum = quat-sum). Lap-sus from lab-or illustrates the same process after a labial: and fixus (=fic-sus for fig-tus) after a guttural. The guttural, however, often drops out, e. g. par-sum=parc-tum, spar-sus = sparg-tus. [Fig-tus would naturally become fic-tus (see p. 47), and this would lead to confusion with fic-tus, part. of fingo. And in this and most other cases of change to s, otherwise than after a dental (as above) or after a liquid and some other consonant (ard-, arsum, etc.), it is noticeable that the perfect active, if any, is formed with -si: so that the s of participle and supine may be the result of analogy from that of the perf. act.] Future Participle in -turus (Latin) :— of Future Suffix with The termination of the stem of fut. partic. active in -turo Connection appears to represent an Indo-European -tara, a variety of -tar, Participle which is largely used in the formation of nouns of agency (-tar) Noun-sufor implement (-tra). In Sanskrit and Zend the suffix appears as -tar, -tra. In Greek it appears as -τερ in πα-τὴρ, πα-τέρ-ος; σωτήρ=σώτερ-s, etc. ; or -rop in ῥήτωρ, ῥή-το-ος; ἵστωρ, ἵστορ-ος, 1 For examples, see Roby, i. § 707, 8. fixes-tar, etc. etc.; and a feminine -rpatar-ja is found in Tоińτρia, etc.; while in other cases the i of the feminine suffix -ja is thrown back into the previous syllable, e. g. σώτειρα = σώτερα, δότειρα = dóτep-ja (cp. p. 192). Another specially Greek form is a feminine stem in pid=tarid, formed by suffixing -id, e. g. πaтpìs, πα-τρίδος. -tra appears as -Tрo or -Opo (neut.), and -τpa, -Opa (fem.), e. g. νίπ-τρο-ν, ἄρο-προ-ν, ῥή-θρα, μάκτρα (root μακ- of μάσσω= μάκ-λω), κοιμήθρα, etc. Latin has forms almost identical : pa-ter, ma-ter, etc.; nouns of agency, as vic-tor, censor=cens-tor, sponsor-spond-tor, etc.; of implement, as ara-tru-m, claustru-m= claud-tro-m, ros-tru-m-rod-tro-m. The suffix is also further increased by ja to -trio-, -torio- (pa-trio-s, victoria); by -ic to -tric-, a feminine suffix, as in victric-s; by -ino, as in doc-t(o)rina. To the longer form -tara corresponds -turo- of fut. partic. act., and feminine nouns of action, e. g. sepul-tura, usura ut-tura. APPENDIX I. Specimens of Latin Inscriptions from 250 B.C. to the close of the Republic. THE following selection of Latin inscriptions is given as a fuller and more connected illustration of those gradual changes in the form of Latin words, to which incidental allusions have been necessary in the preceding pages. For the text of the inscriptions cited I am immediately indebted to selections made from the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (ed. Mommsen) and Ritschl's Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica by Messrs. Wordsworth (in 'Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin ') and Roby ('Latin Grammar,' vol. i. Appendix B); of the general accuracy of whose citations I have satisfied myself by comparison with the authorities whom they have followed. The inscriptions are all in 'uncial' (i. e. capital) letters. The vertical strokes denote the ending of lines on the original inscription: but in the version (in italics) of the Scipionic Epitaphs they mark the 'caesura' of the Saturnian metre. I. Epitaphs of the Scipios : 1. On L. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, consul 298 B.C. (Inscription not later than 240 B.C.) cornelius. lucius. scipio. barbatus. gnaiuod. patre | prognatus. fortis. uir. sapiensque-quoius. forma. uirtutei . parisuma | fuit—consol. censor. aidilis . quei. fuit apud. uostaurasia . cisauna | samnio. cepit-subigit. omne. loucanam .opsidesque. abdoucit. Cornelius Lucius | Scipio Barbatus, Gnaeo patre prognatus | fortis vir sapiensque, Cujus forma virtu | ti parissuma fuit, Subigit omnem Lucaniam, obsidesque abducit. 2. On L. Cornelius Scipio, consul 259 B.C. (Inscription perhaps earlier than No. 1.) honcoino. ploirume. cosentiont. r Hunc unum plurimi con | sentiunt romai (i. e. romae) Lucium Scipionem. | Filius Barbati consul, censor, aedilis | hic fuit apud vos. Hic cepit Corsicam Aleri | amque urbem pugnando; dedit tempestatibus | aedem merito votam. 3. On P. Cornelius Scipio, perhaps son of Sc. Africanus Major, augur 180 B.C. (Inscription about 160 B.C.) quei. apiceinsigne . dial aminis, gesistei maiorum qua . re . lubens . te . ingremiu | prognatum. publio . corneli Qui apicem insignem dialis | flaminis gessisti, mors perfecit tua ut | essent omnia brevia : honos fama virtusque | gloria atque ingenium, quibus si in longa licuis | set tibi utier (i. e. uti) vita facile factis superasses | gloriam majorum. Quare lubens te in gremium, | Scipio, recipit Terra, Publi, prognatum | Publio Corneli (i. e. Cornelio.) 4. On L. Cornelius Scipio, (uncertain who is meant). The inscription dates about 150 B.C. 1. cornelius . cn . f. cn . n. scipio . magna. sapientia | multasque. uirtutes. aetate quom. parua | posidet. hoc. saxsum . quoiei. uita. defecit. non | Lucius Cornelius, Cnaei filius, Cnaei nepos, Scipio quoiei (i. e. cui) vita defecit | non honos, honorem. ne quaeratis honorem quiminus sit mandatus. censuere II. From the Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus, (or Epistola Consulum ad Teuranos,) 186 B.C.; cp. Livy xxxix. 8–18. homines. plous . u . oinuorsei. uirei . atque mulieres. sacra. ne . quis quam | fecise. uelet. neue . inter. ibei. uirei. pldus. duobus . mulieribus. ploustribus | arfuise . uelent. nisei.de . pr. urbani . senatuosque. sententiad . utei . suprad❘ scriptumest. haice. utei. in. couentinoid. exdeicatis. ne minus trinum | noun dinum. senatuosque sententiam. utei. scientes. esetis. eorum. | sententia. ita fuit. sei. ques. esent. quei. aruorsum ead. fecisent quam. suprad | scriptum. est. eeis. remcaputalem . faciendam . censuere atque. utei | hoce deretis. ita . senatus. aiquom in tabolam. ahenam incei cen suit uteique. eam. quam. sei. figier. ioubeatis. ubei. facilumed. gnoscierpotisit atque |utei. ea. bacanalia . sei. qua . sunt . exstrad quid. ibei. sacri. est | ita utei. suprad. scriptum. est. in. diebus. x . quibus. uobeis. tabelai . datai erunt. faciatis. utei dismota. sient in. agro. teurano . Censuere homines plus quinque universi, viri atque mulieres, sacra ne quisquam fecisse vellet, neve interibi viri plus duobus, |