Neall, F. O. Blackwell, H. C. Wirt, R. F. Hayward, P. H. Thomas, N. M. Snyder, and John Pearson.

General remarks on lightning protection apparatus and lightning phenomena. Experiences with protective devices and ground wires. Description of method of protecting transformers and windings from potential rises.

POTENTIAL STRESSES AS AFFECTED BY OVERHEAD GROUNDED CONDUCTORS R. P. Jackson Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 873-882 Theoretical investigation of potential gradients on equipotential surfaces about grounded conductors in air and about metallic transmission towers. Suggested method of reducing normal stresses in insulators. Discussion, pp. 883-889, by Messrs. P. M. Lincoln, Dugald C. Jackson, D. R. Scholes, H. C. Hoagland, R. P. Jackson, James Lyman, P. B. Woodworth, W. L. Abbott, W. B. Jackson, and George Hayler. Experience with grounded conductors for transmission line protection.

J. L. R. Hayden

NOTES ON RESISTANCE OF GAS-PIPE GROUNDS

Effect of

Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1209-1214 Tests on resistance of gas pipe grounds as affected by temperature and rain. Graphic log of tests extending over about three years. alternating current on conductance of ground connections. Discussion, pp. 1215-1220, by Messrs. Charles P. Steinmetz, Ralph D. Mershon, F. B. H. Paine, P. H. Thomas, N. J. Neall, F. J. Hoxie, and J. L. R. Hayden.

Tests on the resistance of concrete foundations of transmission towers and of ground plates, strips and pipes under various conditions.

LIGHTNING-RODS AND GROUNDED CABLES AS A MEANS OF PROTECTING
TRANSMISSION LINES AGAINST LIGHTNING

Norman Rowe

Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1239-1248 Description of Guanajuato transmission line with account of experience with lightning rods and grounded wire.

Discussion (including that of paper by D. R. Scholes on "Transmission Line Towers and Economical Spans"), pp. 1249-1257, by Messrs. William Hoopes, P. H. Thomas, W. S. Lee, F. B. H. Paine, C. W. Ricker, George T. Fielding, Jr., N. J. Neall, Ralph D. Mershon, D. R. Scholes, Frank G. Baum, and Farley Osgood.

Effect of operation cost on economical span. Experience with grounded metal insulator pins and with wooden pins.

THE GROUNDED NEUTRAL, WITH AND WITHOUT SERIES RESISTANCE
IN HIGH-TENSION SYSTEMS

Paul M. Lincoln

Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1585-1595 General discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the grounded neutral, followed by brief remarks on the making of grounds and the effect of series resistance in the ground circuit.

Discussion, incorporated with paper by George I. Rhodes on "Experience with a Grounded Neutral on the High-Tension System of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company.”

THE GROUNDED NEUTRAL

F. G. Clark

Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1597-1603 Some advantages and disadvantages of grounded neutral from experience gained on a large system operated with neutral grounded through a resistor.

Discussion, incorporated with paper by George I. Rhodes on "Experience with a Grounded Neutral on the High-Tension System of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company."

EXPERIENCE WITH A GROUNDED NEUTRAL ON THE HIGH-TENSION SYSTEM OF THE INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY

George I. Rhodes Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1605-1610 Reasons for installing grounded neutral with series resistor on hightension cable system. Cross currents between star-connected generators. Relative damage resulting from cable short circuits with and without grounded neutral.

Discussion (including that of paper by Paul M. Lincoln on "The Grounded Neutral, with and without Series Resistance, in High-Tension Systems" and that of paper by F. G. Clark on "The Grounded Neutral"), pp. 1611-1641, by Messrs. Peter Junkersfeld, Philip Torchio, N. J. Neall, John B. Taylor, Carl Schwarz, C. W. Stone, F. B. H. Paine, Charles F. Scott, Paul M. Lincoln, George I. Rhodes, Charles P. Steinmetz, Frank G. Baum, and O. S. Lyford, Jr.

Experience with grounded neutral on very large underground cable and overhead transmission systems. Description of device for automatically selecting and disconnecting defective cables.

A PRACTICAL METHOD OF PROTECTING INSULATORS FROM LIGHTNING
AND POWER ARC EFFECTS

L. C. Nicholson

Vol. xxix-1910, pp. 573-598 Very complete analytical study of three years of carefully recorded insulator experience on 60,000-volt lines of the Ontario Power Company, leading up to the invention of arcing rings and covering one season's experience with them installed.

Discussion, pp. 599-620, by Messrs. L. B. Stillwell, F. P. Catchings, J. W. Fraser, E. E. F. Creighton, J. S. Jenks, Charles F. Scott, Percy H. Thomas, J. A. Sanford, Jr., E. B. Merriam, Harris J. Ryan, Irving E. Brooke, James Lyman, Max H. Collbohm, G. Semenza, J. D. E. Duncan, and L. C. Nicholson.

General remarks on transmission line protection. Experience on the West Penn lines (185 miles). Opinions and practice as to insulator factor of safety and efficacy of grounded conductors.

15. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

THE DISTRIBUTION AND CONVERSION OF RECEIVED CURRENTS Henry Gordon Stott Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 125-152 Brief description of the transmission plant for generation, transformation and transmission of electric energy from Niagara Falls to Buffalo. Discussion of operative features: means adopted for the protection of the system; relative merits of synchronous converters and motor-generators; relative merits of various arc lighting systems; difficulties in synchronizing 60-cycle synchronous motors.

Discussion, pp. 153-163, by Messrs. Gano S. Dunn, Calvin W. Rice, H. G. Stott, C. P. Steinmetz, Elias E. Ries, Jos. Sachs, Jno. W. Lieb, Jr., and H. D. Reed.

Characteristics of three-phase induction motors for railway service. Relative performance of air-break and oil-break switches. Experiences with rubber-insulated high-voltage cables.

THE DISTRIBUTION BY THE THREE-PHASE SYSTEM and THE OPERATION OF SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS BY IT

W. L. R. Emmet

Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 805-812 Discussion of the use of three-phase generators on single distribution circuits. Wiring diagram for typical systems. General rules for laying out distribution systems.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Philip Torchio on "250-Volt Three-Wire Distribution for Lighting and Power."

DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN LARGE CITIES

Louis A. Ferguson Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 813-827 General discussion of the load characteristics of the City of Chicago and description of the present system of generation and distribution and the plans for future development. Brief reference to the distribution systems employed in the cities of Berlin and Milan.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Philip Torchio on "250-Volt Three-Wire Distribution for Lighting and Power."

LOCATING FAULTS IN UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Henry G. Stott

Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 829-833 Description of a compass method for quickly and accurately locating faults in power cables through which periodically reversed current is sent. Working drawings of the current reverser.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Philip Torchio on "250-Volt Three-Wire Distribution for Lighting and Power."

Harold W.

THE BUFFALO HIGH-TENSION CABLE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Buck

Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 835-841 General description of system of distribution of Niagara power in Buffalo.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Philip Torchio on "250-Volt Three-Wire Distribution for Lighting and Power."

ALTERNATING CURRENT AS A FACTOR IN GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
FOR LIGHT AND POWER

Charles P. Scott

Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 843-848 General discussion of the advantages of straight alternating-current generation and distribution for large cities.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Philip Torchio on "250-Volt Three-Wire Distribution for Lighting and Power."

NOTES ON THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT SYSTEM OF DISTRIBUTION W. S. Barstow

Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 849-853

Brief sketch of the development of alternating-current distribution system and troubles which were experienced. Conditions which must be met by successful alternating-current distribution system. Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Philip Torchio on "250-Volt Three-Wire Distribution for Lighting and Power."

DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY IN CITIES OF MODERATE SIZE William Lispenard Robb Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 855-860. General consideration of problem for cities under 50,000 and for those over 50,000.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Philip Torchio on "250-Volt Three-Wire Distribution for Lighting and Power."

250-VOLT THREE-WIRE DISTRIBUTION for LIGHTING AND POWER Philip Torchio Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 861-868 Consideration of the relative merits of 500-volt and 250-volt directcurrent three-wire systems. Estimated saving of former over latterwith the various densities of load.

Discussion (including that of paper by W. L. R. Emmet on "Distribution of Three-Phase System and the Operation of Single-Phase Circuits by It;" paper by Louis A. Ferguson on "Distribution of Electrical Energy in Large Cities;" paper by Henry G. Stott on "Locating Faults in Underground Distribution Systems;" paper by Harold W. Buck on "The Buffalo High-Tension Cable System;" paper by Chas. F. Scott on “Alternating Current as a Factor in General Distribution for Light and Power;" paper by W. S. Barstow on "Notes on an Alternating-Current System of Distribution," and paper by William Lispenard Robb on "Distribution of Electricity in Cities of Moderate Size"), pp. 869-912, by Messrs. C. P. Steinmetz, Gano S. Dunn, Louis A. Ferguson, Arthur Williams, Douglas

Burnett, Fred. V. Henshaw, Jno. W. Lieb, Jr., W. S. Barstow, Philip Torchio, R. H. Pierce, Peter Junkersfeld, Jas. Lyman, A. Osthoff, G. N. Eastman, P. B. Woodworth, G. A. Damon, Geo. Foster, W. D. Ball, J. R. Cravath, D. W. Roper, and W. E. Goldsborough.

General discussion of the relative merits of alternating-current and direct-current distribution for thickly populated districts of large cities. Detailed comparison of the performance and general methods of directcurrent and induction motors for different kinds of service. for locating faults in large cables.

Loop test

OVERHEAD HIGH-TENSION DISTRIBUTING SYSTEMS IN SUBURBAN DISTRICTS. George H. Lukes Vol. xxii-1903, pp. 735-739

General discussion of the construction and operation of a satisfactory distribution system for suburban towns and villages surrounding a large city.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by W. C. L. Eglin on "Safeguards and Regulations in Operation of Overhead Distributing Systems."

AUTOMATIC APPARATUS FOR REGULATING GENERATOR AND FEEDER POTENTIALS E. J. Bechtel Vol. xxii-1903, pp. 741-745 Performance under service conditions of automatic direct-current and alternating-current generator e. m. f. regulator which operates by decreasing and increasing the field circuit resistance with changes in line e. m. f. Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by W. C. L. Eglin on "Safeguards and Regulations in Operation of Overhead Distributing Systems."

SAFEGUARDS AND REGULATIONS IN OPERATION OF DISTRIBUTING SYSTEMS W. C. L. Eglin Vol. xxii-1903 pp. 747-754 General specifications for the material and construction of overhead distribution systems so as to attain a high degree of safety in operation. Method of testing pole transformers that are damaged by lightning disturbances.

Discussion (including that of paper by George H. Lukes on "Overhead High-Tension Distributing Systems in Suburban Districts" and paper by E. J. Bechtel on "Automatic Apparatus for Regulating Generator and Feeder Potentials”), pp. 755-765, by Messrs. H. B. Gear, G. T. Hanchett, Ralph D. Mershon, Calvert Townley, P. M. Lincoln, M. P. Ryder, George F. Sever, H. G. Stott, W. C. L. Eglin, A. C. Pratt, C. F. Scott, S. P. Grace, and C. H. Chalmers.

Analysis of accidents which interrupt service of overhead distribution systems and general rules for minimizing them. Construction of lines through trees. Rules for the protection of telephone lines from power