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elder, Frank J. Sprague, A. H. Armstrong, G. M. Eaton, N. W. Storer, and Elmer A. Sperry.

General remarks on the design of running gear for electric locomotives, with expression of opinion on the effect of height of center of gravity on the track. Tests on separately driven and coupled drivers.

B. TRAIN MOVEMENT AND MOTOR CAPACITY

THE RELATION OF ENERGY AND MOTOR CAPACITY TO SCHEDULE SPEED IN THE MOVING OF TRAINS BY ELECTRICITY

Cary T. Hutchinson Vol. xix-1902, pp. 129-164 Analytical and graphical investigation of ideal speed-time curves, showing the effect of varying acceleration on size of motor, energy consumption and total economy of operation. Methods of calculation fully explained by use of numerical examples.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by W. B. Potter on "The Selection of Electric Motors for Railway Service."

A CONSIDERATION OF THE INERTIA OF THE ROTATING PARTS OF A TRAIN Norman Wilson Storer Vol. xix-1902, pp. 165-168 The equivalent inertia, weight of wheels and motors-its magnitude; effect of change of gear ratio and simple methods of including it in train performance calculations.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by W. B. Potter on "The Selection of Electric Motors for Railway Service."

THE SELECTION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR RAILWAY SERVICE

W. B. Potter Vol. xix-1902, pp. 169-177 Discussion of the various factors which enter into the determination of the size of motor required for a given service-gear ratio, losses and their distribution, etc. Table based on service tests showing the schedule speeds for different gear ratios, stops per mile and tons per motor for a given motor.

Discussion (including that of paper by Cary T. Hutchinson on "The Relation of Energy and Motor Capacity to Schedule Speed in Moving of Trains by Electricity;" and paper by Norman Wilson Storer on "A Consideration of the Inertia of the Rotating Parts of a Train"), pp. 178-182, by Messrs. W. C. Gotshall, M. H. Gerry, Jr., Philip Torchio, H. G. Stott, Charles P. Steinmetz, S. T. Dodd, P. O. Keilholtz, Louis Duncan, and Cary T. Hutchinson. Sharp criticisms of Dr. Hutchinson's paper. Detailed criticisms of Dr. Hutchinson's assumptions and conclusions by comparison with calculations made for the New York & Portchester Railroad. Use of Dr. Hutchinson's formulas in definite problem, comparing results with those obtained by usual methods.

A H. Armstrong

A STUDY OF THE HEATING OF RAILWAY MOTORS

Vol. xix-1902, pp. 809-832

Outline of method of determining probable heating and energy consumption of given equipment for any class of work based on actual experiments.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Bion J. Arnold on "New Electro-Pneumatic System of Electric Railway Construction."

COMPARATIVE ACCELERATION tests with STEAM LOCOMOtive, and
ELECTRIC MOTOR CARS

B. J. Arnold and W. B. Potter

Vol. xix-1902, pp. 833-850 Description and average results of tests carried out by the authors in preparing report on the use of electricity for the propulsion of trains of the New York Central Railroad. Comparative performance of steam and electric engines under frequent-stop suburban service, with results of tests plotted as curves and arranged in tables giving the energy and power consumption, maximum acceleration utilization of weight on drivers, energy efficiency, coal consumption, etc.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by B. J. Arnold on "New Electro-Pneumatic System of Electric Railway Construction."

METHOD OF ASCERTAINING BY MEANS OF A DYNANOMETER CAR THE POWER
REQUIRED TO OPERATE THE TRAINS of the new YORK CENTRAL AND
HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD BETWEEN MOTT HAVEN JUNCTION AND
GRAND CENTRAL STATION, AND THE RELATIVE COST OF
OPERATION BY STEAM AND ELECTRICITY

Bion J. Arnold
Vol. xix-1902, pp. 865-899
Description of the dynanometer car and its mode of operation. Curve
records of tests. Tabulated results and discussion of the method of
working up the data. Comparative fixed and operating costs for steam
and electric motive power.

Discussion, incorporated with that of B. J. Arnold on "New ElectroPneumatic System of Electric Railway Construction."

C. O. Mailloux

NOTES ON THE PLOTTING OF SPEED-TIME CURVES

Vol. xix-1902, pp. 901-1001 Detailed analytical study of methods of calculating and plotting speedtime curves for determining motor capacity required for a given service. Accurate graphical method proposed. Charts of coefficients for use in plotting speed-time curves. Numerical examples of the calculation and plotting of speed-time, and distance-time curves for service runs. All formulas developed and rigorously proved.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by B. J. Arnold on "New Electro-Pneumatic System of Electric Railway Construction."

BRAKING AND TRACTION BRAKES

Introduction by President Charles F. Scott.

Vol. xx-1902, pp. 215-217

J. D. Keiley

SOME BRAKE TESTS AND DEDUCTIONS THEREFROM

Vol. xx 1902, pp. 219-233

A description of a method of making brake tests and of a manual recording apparatus used in this method; also results from tests on a number of varieties of brakes and an empirical equation showing the operation of these brakes under different conditions, the coefficients entering into the equation being derived from the tests.

RAILROAD CAR BRAKING

R. A. Parke

Vol. xx-1902, pp. 235-275

Brief sketch of development of power brakes. Analysis of Westinghouse-Galton braking tests, giving equations for the coefficients of friction under various conditions. Outline of the requirements and limitations of high-speed braking. Analytical study of the distribution of forces in car brakes acted on by retarding force, showing loss of efficacy occasioned by re-distribution of weight, followed by description of a method of brake rigging construction to compensate this loss. Equations for determining maximum braking force under various conditions. Description of construction and mode of operation of the magnetic traction brake.

Discussion, pp. 276-300, by Messrs. H. G. Stott, C. O. Mailloux, O. S. Lyford, Jr., Calvert Townley, W. O. Gotshall, R. A. Parke, Elias E. Ries, W. N. Smith, W. J. Hammer, W. S. Franklin, William Esty, H. H. Westinghouse, F. C. Newell, N. W. Storer, Calvin W. Rice, Charles F. Scott B. J. Arnold, T. P. Gaylord, J. R. Cravath, R. H. Pierce, and Eugene B. Clark.

General remarks on high-speed power braking and the possibilities of predetermining braking performance. General results of actual tests. Characteristics and performance of the magnetic traction brake. Historical notes on magnetic, eddy-current and hysteresis brakes.

A. H. Armstrong

HIGH-SPEED ELECTRIC RAILWAY PROBLEMS

Vol. xxii-1903, pp. 91-108 Development of graphical charts for calculation of interurban motive power problems-relations between schedule speeds, maximum speed and stops per mile; between motor rating, schedule speed and tons per mile; schedule speed and average consumption. Numerical example showing the relative cost and economy of one-car and two-car operation, solved by use of the charts.

No discussion.

F. W. Carter

PREDETERMINATION IN RAILWAY WORK

Vol. xxii-1903, pp. 133-164 Development of a system of simple equations which permit the rapid calculation of train performance and the determination of motor capacity for a given service. Charts given for facilitating calculations of speed

time, speed-distance and time-distance curves. Numerical examples illustrating the use of charts and formulas.

Discussion, pp. 165-174, by Mr. C. O. Mailloux.

Comparison of Mailloux's method with that of the author. Development of general equations for solution of train movement problems.

INTERURBAN CAR TESTS

W. E. Goldsborough and P. E. Fansler Vol. xxii-1903, pp. 175-221 Description and results of tests on interurban lines of Indiana Union Traction Company's system, covering energy and power consumption for different kinds of service, and effect of personality of motorman thereon. Special service capacity tests on different types of equipment. Data presented in form of tables and formulas.

Discussion, pp. 222-230, by Messrs. E. P. Roberts and I. H. Sherwood, and A. H. Armstrong.

Description and results of tests of passenger car, limited car, express car and two-car train on lines of Northern Texas Traction Company; power and energy consumption.

SOME NOTES ON THE OPERATION OF RAILWAY MOTORS IN SERVICE Clarence Renshaw

Vol. xxii-1903, pp. 279-297 Consideration of factors which limit safe load on railway motors. Discussion of characteristics of service loads and losses and method of producing equivalent loads. Description of tests on city car in actual service with results plotted on graphic charts.

Discussion (including that of paper by W. E. Goldsborough and P. E. Fansler on "The Storage Battery in Sub-stations"), pp. 298-302, by Messrs. Cary T. Hutchinson, H. G. Stott, W. E. Goldsborough, and A. H. Armstrong.

Predetermination of temperature rise of railway motors by Hutchinson method. Value of storage battery in railway sub-stations. Arguments against square root of mean square current method of determinating motor capacity.

THE CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE RISE OF TEMPERATURE OF ELECTRIC
RAILWAY MOTORS IN SERVICE

Cary T. Hutchinson

Vol. xxii-1903, pp. 657-679 Development of a method of obtaining for a given schedule and for a given temperature rise, the size of the motor in horse-power per ton, the energy input and the critical acceleration for any motor, taking as data the I2R and the core losses of the motor and radiation coefficients determined by actual tests under service conditions. Sets of curves for facilitating calculations and examples illustrating their use.

Discussion, pp. 680-687, by Messrs. A. H. Armstrong, Cary T. Hutchinson, and Louis Duncan.

Limitations imposed by author's assumptions. Demonstration of the accuracy of the method for general application.

PROBLEMS OF HEAVY ELECTRIC TRACTION

0. S. Lyford, Jr., and W. N. Smith Vol. xxiii-1904 pp. 691-722 Review of the considerations which entered into the problem of selecting the electric equipment for the Long Island Railroad. Account of tests made to check accuracy of train resistance formulas. Also tests with steam and electric trains.

Discussion, pp. 723-757, by Messrs. L. B. Stillwell, C. O. Mailloux, H. Ward Leonard, W. S. Franklin, A. H. Armstrong, C. T. Hutchinson, W. N. Smith, E. E. Ries, O. S. Lyford, Jr., and William McClellan.

General discussion of train resistance formulas, speed-time curves and the other factors which enter into the selection of motor equipment for trunk line operation. Comparison between speed-time and power-time curves for constant current per motor and constant current per car.

N. McD. Crawford

TWO-MOTOR VERSUS FOUR-MOTOR EQUIPMENTS

Vol. xxiv-1905, pp. 65-75 Tests with four cars under equal conditions in city service, giving energy consumption per ton mile and per passenger and other operation data.

Discussion, pp. 76-80, by Messrs. N. McD. Crawford, A. H. Armstrong, S. T. Dodd, and Calvert Townley.

General remarks on four-motor versus two-motor car equipments.

CHOICE OF MOTORS IN STEAM AND ELECTRIC PRACTICE

William McClellan

Vol. xxiv-1905, pp. 561-572 Tabulated technical data on steam locomotives for local, express and freight service on principal roads in North America, giving type, dimensions, weights, fuel, tractive efforts, loads, road profile, etc. Discussion of characteristic features of steam and electric motive power and desirability of standardizing electric locomotives.

Discussion, pp. 573-576, by Messrs. W. E. Goldsborough, C. O. Mailloux, Charles P. Steinmetz, and H. G. Stott.

Practical difficulties of standardization.

INERURBAN TEST CAR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Thomas M. Gardner

Vol. XXV-1906, pp. 507-517 Description of the car and its equipment, with special reference to a method of measuring acceleration directly with a voltmeter.

Discussion, page 518, by Messrs. P. M. Lincoln, D. C. Jackson, and M. K. Akers.

COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF STEAM AND ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES Albert H. Armstrong Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1643-1674 General discussion of the relative merits of direct-current and alternating-current electric locomotives and simple and compound steam locomotives, with special reference to capacity and cost of operation. Performance characteristic curves for steam and electric machines. Results of

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