of the system, the performance and requirements of storage batteries in sub-stations. Graphic records of battery performance.

Discussion, incorporated with that of paper by Clarence Renshaw on "Some Notes on the Operation of Railway Motors in Service.”

THE COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR OF FLOATING AND BOOSTER-CONTROLLED
BATTERIES ON FLUCTUATING LOADS

Lamar Lyndon

Vol. xxii-1903, 705-731 Analysis of the performance of an electric railway plant with storage battery arranged in the following ways: Floating battery in station; floating battery on line; battery and booster on line; battery on the line and booster in the station. Numerical examples and comparison of the merits of different systems.

Discussion, pp. 732-734, by Messrs. J. R. Appleton, J. L. Woodbridge, W. E. Goldsborough, J. W. Lieb, Jr., W. W. Donaldson, A. S. Hubbard, F. L. Flanders and H. Etheridge.

Lead batteries for high discharge rates. E. m. f. characteristic of Edison battery under rapid discharge.

W. E. Winship

ON THE CALCULATION OF LINE BATTERIES

Vol. xxiii-1904, pp. 393-402 Outline of method of determining the size and location of battery floating on railway distribution system under various conditions of service. Discussion, pp. 457-459, by Messrs. F. J. White, Lamar Lyndon and W. E. Winship.

Practical importance of battery resistance in calculation of line batteries.

APPLICATION OF STORAGE BATTERIES TO REGULATION OF ALTERNATINGCURRENT SYSTEMS

J. L. Woodbridge

Vol. xxvii-1908, pp. 987-1021 Brief general discussion of the various types of service where storage batteries can be used to regulate the alternating-current load, including brief descriptions of some typical plants. Detailed description of the use of storage batteries with carbon regulator, split-pole converter and synchronizing exciter, with analysis of performance. Analysis and oscillograms of e. m. f. waves of three-part and two-part pole converters. A general solution for the e. m. f. wave form of two-part pole converter.

Discussion (including paper by Comfort A. Adams on "Voltage Ratio in Synchronous Converters, with Special Reference to the Split-Pole Converter"), pp. 1022-1055, by Messrs. P. M. Lincoln, A. S. Hubbard, W. L. Waters, Chas. P. Steinmetz, J. L. Burnham, J. L. Woodbridge and G. E. Brown.

General discussion of the performance characteristics of the split-pole converter, with physical exposition of the method of varying the voltage ratio and its effect on armature reaction, heating and commutation. Data from tests in commercial operation.

THE APPLICATION OF STORAGE BATTERIES TO THE REGULATION OF THE ALTERNATING-CURRENT LOAD AT THE PLANT OF THE INDIANA STEEL

J. Lester Woodbridge

COMPANY, GARY, INDIANA

Vol. xxviii-1909, pp. 851-866

Description, theory and results of batteries used in connection with splitpole converters and synchronous exciters for regulation of alternatingcurrent circuits.

Discussion, pp. 867-868, by Messrs. Edward Van Wagenen and J. L. Woodbridge.

Characteristics of synchronous exciter.

8. TRANSFORMERS

THE TRANSFORMER FOR MEASURING LARGE DIRECT CURRENTS Harris J. Ryan Vol. xviii-1901, pp. 169-183 Description of the theory of operation, the design and construction of the transformer. Account of tests demonstrating the degree of accuracy under various conditions, such as occur in testing switchboard instruments in place.

Discussion, pp. 184-190, by Messrs. Geo. T. Hanchett, Gano S. Dunn, Samuel Sheldon, A. E. Kennelly, C. O. Mailloux and Townsend Wolcott. Criticism of the method and answers thereto.

F. 0. Blackwell

Y AND A CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMERS

Vol. xxii-1903, pp. 385-389 Discussion of relative advantages of star and delta connection of transformers upon the construction of the transformers, the operation of transformers with neutral grounded, and rises of potential in star and T-connected transformers.

Discussion, pp. 390-416, by Messrs. J. S. Peck, C. F. Scott, R. F. Hayward, M. H. Gerry, Jr., V. G. Converse, P. N. Nunn, P. H. Thomas, P. M. Lincoln, Peter Junkersfeld, A. L. Mudge, J. E. Woodbridge and Louis Bell.

Comprehensive discussion of maximum possible strains with various single-phase and polyphase transformer connections for single and double transformations with grounded and ungrounded neutral. Dangers that may arise from operation with grounded neutral. Experience in operation of high-tension system with and without grounded neutral.

Vol. xxiii-1904, pp. 171-173

THE RELATIVE FIRE-RISK OF OIL AND AIR-BLAST TRANSFORMERS E. W. Rice, Jr. Discussion, pp. 175-197, 236-238 and 246, by Messrs. F. A. C. Perrine, J. S. Peck, Calvert Townley, Ralph D. Mershon, C. E. Skinner, H. G. Stott, P. N. Nunn, P. M. Lincoln, C. L. de Muralt, O. S. Lyford, Jr., Howard Bayne, W. L. Waters, Irving A. Taylor, Norman T. Wilcox, A. C. Pratt, H. A. Lardner, H. F. Parshall, R. S. Kelsch, H. W. Tobey, William J. Hazard, E. P. Roberts, W. S. Moody, James Lyman, W. A. Blanck, P. Junkersfeld, G. N. Eastman, D. W. Roper, G. H. Lukes, W. G. Carlton, and J. W. Farley.

General discussion of the relative fire hazard of air-blast and oil immersed transformers. Combustion and explosive properties of oil. Experience with fires involving oil immersed and air-blast transformers. Methods of installing transformers so as to reduce fire risk to a minimum.

TERMINALS AND BUSHINGS FOR HIGH-PRESSURE TRANSFORMERS Walter S. Moody Vol. xxiii-1904, pp. 225-230

Location, arrangement and insulation of transformer terminals. Discussion, pp. 231-235, by Messrs. Ralph D. Mershon, C. E. Skinner, Irving A. Taylor, N. M. Snyder and A. C. Pratt.

General remarks on transformer terminals and terminal bushings. Weak spots in construction of transformer terminals, taps and bushings. Bushing treated as a condenser.

J. S. Peck

THE USE OF GROUND-SHIELDS IN TRANSFORMERS

Vol. xxiii-1904, pp. 553-554 Description of the nature and purpose of the ground shield and list of objections to its use.

Discussion, pp. 555-556, by Messrs. Ralph. D. Mershon, H. C. Wirt, C. E. Skinner, P. H. Thomas and W. L. Waters.

Objections to ground shield. Advantages of grounded neutral.

THE CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Kenneth L. Curtis

Vol. xxv-1906, pp. 715-726 Method of predetermining the performance of series transformer from tests of exciting current and internal losses. Method of measuring small inductances.

Discussion, pp. 727-734, by Mr. L. T. Robinson.

Testing of series transformer for ratio and phase angle. Oscillograms of exciting current of series transformers.

RELATIVE MERITS OF THREE-PHASE AND ONE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS H. W. Tobey

Brief general remarks.

Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 813-815

Discussion, incorporated with paper by John S. Peck on "Relative Advantages of One-Phase and Three-Phase Transformers."

RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF ONE-PHASE AND THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS John S. Peck Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 817-821 Classification and discussion of relative advantages and disadvantages of three-phase and bank of three single-phase transformers.

Discussion (including that of paper by H. W. Tobey on "Relative Merits of Three-Phase and One-Phase Transformers"), pp. 822-834, by Messrs. Peter Junkersfeld, R. F. Schuchardt, C. W. Stone, Walter S. Moody, W. B. Jackson, P. M. Lincoln, Edward A. Wagner, A. H. Pikler, E. N. Lake, H. B. Gear, A. S. McAllister, W. F. Lamme, K. C. Randall and D. L. Huntington.

Experience with three-phase transformers. Relative advantages of shell and core-type three-phase transformers with regard to repairs.

FORCED-OIL AND FORCED-WATER CIRCULATION FOR COOLING OIL-INSULATED TRANSFORMERS

C. C. Chesney

Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 835-839 Brief description of forced-oil method of cooling transformers, giving the saving in cost. Diagram of piping connections.

Discussion, pp. 837-850, by Messrs. C. W. Stone, W. S. Moody, A. Henry Pikler, W. B. Jackson, P. M. Lincoln, S. M. Kintner, A. H. Babcock, M. C. Canfield, G. Percy Cole, D. L. Huntington, W. F. Lamme, William McClellan, A. L. Mudge and Calvert Townley.

Relative advantages of forced-water and forced-oil cooling. Characteristics of oil as a cooling agent. Illustrated description of forced-oil plant.

CHOKE-COILS VERSUS EXTRA INSULATION ON THE END-WINDINGS OF
TRANSFORMERS

S. M. Kintner

Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1169-1172 Brief statement of the purpose of the choke-coil, followed by a list of advantages and disadvantages incident to its use, both inside and outside the transformer case.

Discussion, incorporated with paper by H. W. Tobey on "Notes on Transformer Testing."

PROTECTION OF THE INTERNAL INSULATION OF A STATIC TRANSFORMER AGAINST HIGH-FREQUENCY STRAINS

Walter S. Moody Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1173-1178 Illustrated description of a method of protecting transformers by providing extra insulation on the end turns and bringing out the taps from the center of the winding.

Discussion, incorporated with paper by H. W. Tobey on "Notes on Transformer Testing."

H. W. Tobey

NOTES ON TRANSFORMER TESTING

Vol. xxvi-1907, pp. 1179-1189 Brief general instructions for testing transformers so as to determine their chief characteristics-ratio, polarity, resistance, copper losses, core losses, exciting current, regulation, insulation, high potential and heating. Discussion (including that of paper by S. M. Kintner on "Choke-Coils Versus Extra Insulation on the End-Windings of Transformers," and paper by Walter S. Moody on "Protection of the Internal Insulation of a Static Transformer Against High-Frequency Strains"), pp. 1190-1208, by Messrs. S. M. Kintner, A. H. Pikler, P. M. Lincoln, J. W. Fraser, W. N. Smith, Charles W. Stone, E. E. F. Creighton, William McClellan, W. S. Lee, R. P. Jackson, Charles P. Steinmetz, Ralph D. Mershon, D. B. Rushmore, W. LeRoy Emmet, O. S. Lyford, Jr., H. W. Buck, W. S. Moody, H. W. Tobey, E. J. Berg, B. C. Shipman, Frank G. Baum, A. C. Pratt, James Lyman and Farley Osgood.