son, Huskisson, Ricardo, Adam Smith, and even the lesser disciples of those teachers; William Pitt, also, who attempted and struggled, and repeated the attempt and the struggle as prime minister for seven years, to carry into practice, by legislation, the principles taught by Adam Smith-a period of struggle as long as the campaign of the Anti-Corn-Law League fifty-five years afterwards, foiled by the monopolist manufacturers, of whom those at Manchester took the lead. William Pitt's services and sacrifices to the nation, in the cause of free trade, were found to be too remarkable and too little known to be omitted, or only slightly noticed, in this work. For the first time, probably, justice has been rendered to that minister, who has been less appreciated for his good-and more unsparingly condemned for his bad-measures than any other statesman in England. But the seeds of freedom of commercial enterprise were sown by many hands before the time of Adam Smith and William Pitt. It was, therefore, held to be a just necessity, to trace the growth of commercial monopolies and the individual services of those philosophic and mercantile writers who opposed them to remoter periods of history. This task carried the inquiry to the times when opinion and speech contended with the church for freedom, and beyond those times. It led to the period when the freedom of person in the serfs, and the right to exercise their industry, were asserted against the feudal lords, by the aid of the church and the monarchy. In short, it was found that, as there had been pioneers of civilisation in all periods of our history, it was necessary to go back to the beginning. The matter has, therefore, so accumulated as to make two volumes of the Biographic History indispensable. The first contains the lives of the pioneers of civilisation and freedom from the earliest period up to the death of William Huskisson, David Ricardo, and Lord King; the second opens with Poulett Thomson, and comprises all persons prominently or efficiently engaged in liberating, or in opposing the liberation of, the trade in food and the laws of navigation. ALEXANDER SOMERVILLE. FREE TRADE AND THE LEAGUE. SECT. I. THE RIGIIT HONOURABLE POULETT THOMSON, To bring the services rendered to the progress of free trade by this eminent statesman before the public in an enduring form is at once a very desirable and agreeable task. For the events of his early life, we are indebted to the affectionate memoir published by his brother, Poulett Scrope, Esq., M.P., in 1843; for the latter portions, we are indebted to the public records of fifteen years; for some particulars more immediately relating to his connection with Manchester and the free trade party there, we are indebted to various persons for documents and information not before made public. The space devoted to his life and services will not be deemed unduly large when it is borne in mind that," without any peculiar advantages of birth, rank, fortune, or connection, by the unaided exertions of his talents, industry, and tact, he had, before the age of forty, sat for fifteen years in parliamentten of them as the spontaneously selected representative of the great manufacturing capital of the country, Manchester -had been minister of state ten years, in the cabinet five, and occupied the station of Governor-General of all the British North American Colonies; being rewarded for his brilliant administration of this high office by a peerage and the order of the Bath."* Charles Edward Poulett Thomson was the third son and youngest child of John Poulett Thomson, Esquire, of Waverley Abbey and Roehampton, in Surry, the head of the old and respected mercantile firm of J. Thomson, T. Bonar, & Co., which had been for several generations engaged in the * Preface by Poulett Scrope, Esq. Russian trade, and possessed an establishment as well in St. Petersburg as in London. Mr John Thomson assumed the name of Poulett by sign manual in 1820, in remembrance of his mother, who was heiress of that branch of the ancient family of Poulett, which had for some centuries been fixed at Goathurst in Somersetshire. He married, in 1781, Charlotte, the daughter of Dr Jacob of Salisbury, by whom he had a family of nine children. Charles, the youngest of this number, was born at Waverley on the 13th September 1799, and his mother's health being at that time much enfeebled, he may be supposed to have derived from this circumstance the constitutional weakness which in after life occasioned the continued and harassing infirmities to which he was subject, and which, aggravated by the incessant fatigues, both bodily and mental, of parliamentary and official business, wore out his frame, and prematurely shortened his valuable life. In his infancy he was remarkable for the perfection of childish grace and beauty, yet attested by the pencil of Sir Thomas Lawrence; and hence, during the sojourn of the younger part of the family at Weymouth in the summer of 1803, he attracted the attention and became the especial favourite of the good old King, George III., then residing there for the benefit of his marine excursions, and whose partiality to children is well known. His elder brother yet remembers the terror inspired when, at their first meeting with the Sovereign on the Parade, General Garth was dispatched to bring the children to the presence, and they were subjected to a rapid interrogatory from the impatient monarch as to their names, birth, and parentage. After this, the King became so partial to Charles, the youngest-then not quite four years old that he insisted on a daily visit from him, often watched at the window for his arrival, ran down himself to open the door to let him in, and carried him about in his arms to shew all that could amuse the child, in the very ordinary lodging-house then occupied by the royal party, and especially the suppers laid out for the children's balls, which their Majesties frequently gave for the amusement of their young favourites. On one occasion, the King being on the pier-head, about to embark in the royal yacht upon one of his sailing trips, and having the child in his arms, he turned round to Mr Pitt, who was in attendance at his elbow, having probably hurried down from London for an audience on important business, and exclaimed, "Is not this a fine boy, Pitt? Fine boy, isn't he? Take him in your arms, Pitt; take him in your arms: charming child, isn't he?" Then, suiting the action to the word, he made the stiff and solemn premier, weighed down as he seemed to be with cares of state, dandle and kiss the pretty boy, and carry him some minutes in his arms, albeit strange and unused to such a burden. The circumstance, though trivial, had so comical an effect, from the awkwardness and apparent reluctance with which the formal minister performed his compelled part of nurse, as to make an impression on the writer, who stood by, though but seven years old himself, which time has never effaced. Pitt, although no doubt fretted by his master's childish fancy, which exposed him to the ill-suppressed titter of the circle around, including several of the younger branches of the royal family, to whom the scene afforded great amusement, put the best countenance he could on the matter, but little thought, no doubt, that the infant he was required to nurse would, at no very distant time, have the offer of the same high official post which he then occupied-the chancellorship of the exchequer--and would be quoted as, perhaps, next to himself, the most remarkable instance in modern times of the early attainment of great public eminence by the force of talent alone; equally purchased, alas! by premature extinction, at the zenith of a brilliant career. As the youngest and prettiest child of the family, Charles was naturally the spoilt pet of all. This would not be worthy of mention, but that it seems not impossible the same course of partial treatment which usually, no doubt, produces a selfwilled and selfish character, may, when acting upon a disposition naturally generous and full of sympathies, have failed in producing its usual bad effects, while the habit thus early. permitted in the child, of considering his will to be law with all around, may have had some influence in giving to the man that self-confidence and decision, and that unconquerable determination to excel, which, in after life, became a prominent feature of his character, and exercised no slight influence towards the attainment of the success which so generally attended his exertions. At the age of seven Charles Thomson was sent to the preparatory school of the Rev. Mr Hannington at Hanwell, whither his elder brother, George, had preceded him; and after three years' residence there, was removed to the Rev. Mr Woolley's at Middleton, near Tamworth, and afterwards to the Rev. Mr Church's at Hampton, both professing to be private tutors, taking two or three pupils at most at a time. With the latter he remained up to the summer of the year 1815, when, at the age of sixteen, with the view to his establishment in his father's house of business, then under the chief direction of his eldest brother, Mr Andrew Thomson, he took his departure from England for St Petersburg, where one branch of the firm had been for upwards of a century settled, and there he remained for more than two years. It is thus remarkable that his education was in no degree completed at any public school, college, or university, but confined to a small private school, or a tutor. As bearing upon the disputed question respecting the advantages of academical education, this circumstance is worth noting. The peculiar qualifications which such an education is generally supposed to have a tendency to confer, namely, the spirit of emulation, the habit of pushing your way through a herd of jostling competitors, self-knowledge, and a just estimation of your own faculties, amenity in social intercourse, and a pleasing popular manner, the savoir vivre, in short, of society, are precisely those qualities for the possession of which Mr C. Thomson was very peculiarly distinguished. And yet he was not only not educated, as has been said, at either a public school or university, but the possession of some at least of these qualities may undoubtedly, in a great degree, be traced to that very fact, and to his consequently being cast upon the busy world itself, rather than its supposed miniature resemblance, dependent only on his own resources, at a time of life at which young men, academically educated, are usually in a state of pupilage, watched by preceptors, associating only with youths of their own age, and kept under the control of a strict scholastic discipline. At the early age of sixteen Charles Thomson was initiated into life in St Petersburg, and, while not neglecting the business he was there to learn, he yet eagerly entered into the amusements of society, to which his connections and position gave him access, and in which his personal recommendations soon rendered him a special favourite with those of the Russian nobility and diplomatic corps then resident at St Petersburg, who had the good taste to open their doors to the British. It was no doubt in these circles, and especially in the close intimacy which he was permitted at this period to enjoy with several polished and highly cultivated individuals. then residing at St Petersburg, such as Count Woronzoff, Count and Countess Sabloukoff, (very old friends of his family,) Princess Galitzin, &c., that he began to acquire that peculiar charm of manner, and polished tone of society, which distinguished him through life, and was no mean aid to advancement in his political career. He enjoyed, moreover, the advantage of a very close and valuable correspondence with an affectionate and intelligent mother, whose watchfulness over the physical, moral, and |