Manual of Geology: Theoretical and Practical, Volume 2Charles Griffin and Company, 1885 - Geology |
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Page x
... CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM . CHAPTER XXII . - THE COAL - FORMATION ( COAL. PAGE PAGE Scottish and Welsh types • 151 Devonian rocks . 167 Monmouthshire • 152 North Devonian type . 167 Ireland 153 South Devonian type 167 Physical history of the ...
... CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM . CHAPTER XXII . - THE COAL - FORMATION ( COAL. PAGE PAGE Scottish and Welsh types • 151 Devonian rocks . 167 Monmouthshire • 152 North Devonian type . 167 Ireland 153 South Devonian type 167 Physical history of the ...
Page xi
... Carboniferous limestone series . Coal - measures CHAPTER XXIII . - CARBONIFEROUS STRATA OF SCOTLAND AND Scottish Carboniferous System Calciferous sandstone series IRELAND . 244 Irish Carboniferous System 249 244 Lower Carboniferous ...
... Carboniferous limestone series . Coal - measures CHAPTER XXIII . - CARBONIFEROUS STRATA OF SCOTLAND AND Scottish Carboniferous System Calciferous sandstone series IRELAND . 244 Irish Carboniferous System 249 244 Lower Carboniferous ...
Page xii
... CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS . Detailed palæontology through the eighteen classes represented in the Car- boniferous rocks Summary of Upper Palæozoic ( Carboniferous ) life PAGE 276 293 GENERAL TABLES of the ORGANIC REMAINS of the CARBONIFEROUS ...
... CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS . Detailed palæontology through the eighteen classes represented in the Car- boniferous rocks Summary of Upper Palæozoic ( Carboniferous ) life PAGE 276 293 GENERAL TABLES of the ORGANIC REMAINS of the CARBONIFEROUS ...
Page xx
... Carboniferous Strata 29. Geographical Distribution of Carboniferous Rocks in Great Britain and Ireland • PAGE 213 249 255 257 257 258,259 278 283 30. Carboniferous Actinozoa in Great Britain , Ireland , Belgium , and America . 31 ...
... Carboniferous Strata 29. Geographical Distribution of Carboniferous Rocks in Great Britain and Ireland • PAGE 213 249 255 257 257 258,259 278 283 30. Carboniferous Actinozoa in Great Britain , Ireland , Belgium , and America . 31 ...
Page xxiii
... CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE 216 XII . CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS 276 XIII . CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS 280 XIV . FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE 288 . XV . FOSSILS OF THE COAL - MEASURES 292 XVI . PERMIAN FOSSILS . 324 XVII . FOSSILS OF THE ...
... CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE 216 XII . CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS 276 XIII . CARBONIFEROUS FOSSILS 280 XIV . FOSSILS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE 288 . XV . FOSSILS OF THE COAL - MEASURES 292 XVI . PERMIAN FOSSILS . 324 XVII . FOSSILS OF THE ...
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Common terms and phrases
Actinozoa Agnostus Ammonites Annelida Archæan Arenig Asaphus Bala beds Bellerophon Brachiopoda Britain calcareous Calymene Cambrian Caradoc Carboniferous limestone Cephalopoda characteristic coal coal-field coal-measures conglomerates Conocoryphe Crustacea David's deposits Devonian division Echinodermata fauna feet thick Ffestiniog forms fossils Gasteropoda genera genus Geol geological Graptolites grey grits Harlech Heteropoda Hill Homfrayi Hydrozoa Inferior Oolite Ireland Jurassic known Laurentian Lingula Lingulella Lingulella Davisii Llandeilo Llandovery Llandovery rocks Longmynd Lower Cambrian Lower Lingula flags Lower Llandovery Lower Silurian Lower Tremadoc marine marls Menevian Middle Devonian Middle Lias North Devon North Wales Ogygia Old Red Sandstone Olenus Oolite Orthis Orthoceras palæontological Paleozoic Paradoxides Pelecypoda Pentamerus Permian Phacops Pteropoda Ramsey Island represented Rhynchonella schists Scotland Sedgwick shales Shropshire Silurian Skiddaw slates South Wales species occur species pass Spirifera Stiperstones strata stratigraphical Tremadoc Trilobita Trinucleus unconformity Upper Lingula flags Upper Llandovery Upper Ludlow Upper Silurian Wenlock Woolhope yielded Yorkshire Zone
Popular passages
Page 679 - ... which, if we multiply this depth by the length and breadth of the cavern, will be found to exceed 5000 cubic feet. The whole of this mass has been again and again dug over in search of teeth and bones, which it still contains abundantly, though in broken fragments. The state of these is very different from that of the bones we find in any of the other caverns, being of a black, or, more properly speaking, dark umber colour throughout, and many of them readily crumbling under the finger into a...
Page viii - Numerous TABLES of ORGANIC REMAINS have been prepared and brought down to 1884, embracing the accumulated wealth of the labours of past and present investigators during the last thirty years. Eleven of these Tables contain every known British genus, zoologically or systematically placed, with the number of species in each, showing their broad distribution through time. The remaining 105 Tables are devoted to the analysis, relation, historical value, and distribution of specific life through each...
Page 679 - It is literally true that in this single cavern (the size and proportions of which are nearly equal to those of the interior of a large church) there are hundreds of cart-loads of black animal dust entirely covering the whole floor, to a depth which must average at least six feet, and which, if we multiply this depth by the length and breadth of the cavern, will be found to exceed 5000 cubic feet.
Page 679 - ... in broken fragments. The state of these is very different from that of the bones we find in any of the other caverns, being of a black, or more properly speaking, dark umber colour throughout, and many of them readily crumbling under the finger into a soft dark powder, resembling mummy powder, and being of the same nature with the black earth in which they are embedded. The quantity of animal matter accumulated on this floor...
Page 276 - ... circulars, to which the replies appear to have been exceedingly disproportionate, although the viva voce evidence which they obtained was sufficient. In brief, their conclusions are as follows : — The workable depth of coal mines depends upon human endurance of high temperatures and the possibility of reducing the temperature of the air in contact with heated strata. The mechanical difficulties connected with increased depth, and the cost of steam power for hoisting the deeper coal, do not...
Page 679 - ... were finally dispossessed of their hold by an irruption of water which let fall the muddy sediment now enveloping the bones. The ordinary action of water passing through the calcareous rock then covered the whole with stalagmite, and closed up the bones from the destructive agency of moisture and air. This accounts for the conservation of their gelatine. Few conclusions of this precise nature appear better supported by the facts of the case, and when we reflect on the remarkable analogy in almost...
Page 267 - In some instances a single seam of coal in these strata is sixty feet thick ; and near the middle of the valley, between the Sharp and Broad mountains no less than 65 seams have been counted. The bituminous coal-field, embracing the western part of Pennsylvania, and a part of Ohio, extends over an area of twenty-four thousand square miles ; the largest accumulation of carbonaceous matter probably in the world.
Page 240 - Caermarthen, and part of Brecon, is from 18 to 20 miles ; it becomes much narrower in Pembrokeshire, being there only from 3 to 5 miles. This area extends from Pontypool on the east to St. Bride's Bay on the west, and forms a vast basin of limestone in which all the strata of coal and ironstone are deposited. The...
Page 26 - Hunt, animal life may have afforded part of the carbonaceous material, and, perhaps, as large a part as vegetable life. The presence of graphite in large deposits occurring both in beds and veins in the Laurentian rocks, clearly determines that its origin and deposition were contemporaneous with the mass or containing rock ; the graphite, again, is associated with calcite, quartz, and orthoclase.
Page 267 - ... 65 seams have been counted. The bituminous coal-field, embracing the western part of Pennsylvania, and a part of Ohio, extends over an area of twenty-four thousand square miles ; the largest accumulation of carbonaceous matter probably in the world. In fact, the bituminous coal measures can perhaps be traced almost continuously from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi, and even into Missouri, two hundred miles west of that river. Indeed, coal exists on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains ; and...