der Glaube, belief. die Liebe, love. das Lob, praise. der Lohn, reward. der Raub, spoil. der Schmuck, ornament. der Strand, strand. der Tadel, reproach. das Verlangen, wish. der Verstand, understanding. die Vorsicht, precaution. der Rauch, smoke. der Respekt, respect, regard. der Schein, appearance. der Weizen, wheat. der Wille, will. der Zwang, constraint. (Compounds of these nouns expressive of a concrete idea are sometimes used in the plural form.) § 13. The following nine masculine nouns have two forms in the Nominative Singular, the first ending in e, the second in en. The first form in e is now generally used, but from the second in en all the other cases are formed. The Genitive Singular adds an the ending en; all other cases, Singular and Plural, have the ending en: der Friede or der Frieden, peace. der Glaube or der Glauben, belief. to der Name or der Namen, name. NOTE.-Friede, Glaube, and Wille are not used in the plural. The plural of Schaden is Schaden and Schäden. § 14. Infinitives and Participles stand at the end of the clause; as § 15. In a clause containing both an infinitive and a participle, the infinitive stands last; as— Der Diener würde es nicht gethan haben, wenn er ihn nicht freundlich darum gebeten hätte. Der Brief muß gut geschrieben werden, denn er enthält wichtige Mittheilungen. The servant would not have done it, if he had not kindly asked him to do it. The letter must be well written, for it contains important communications. § 16. In a clause containing two infinitives, the one governing the other stands last; as Er mag mit einem solchen Menschen nichts zu thun haben. He does not like to have anything to do with such a man. § 17. Separable prefixes of compound verbs (see § 107 of the Grammar) are placed at the end of the clause when the verb is used in a simple tense; as— Der König ging jeden Morgen um elf Uhr aus und kam gegen zwölf Uhr zurück. The king went out every morning at eleven o'clock and returned towards twelve o'clock. 18. In a clause containing two objects, both expressed by nouns, that of the person stands before that of the thing; as— Am nächsten Abend gab er dem Manne das Geld zurück. The next evening he returned the money to the man. § 19. When both objects represent persons, the accusative gene rally stands first; as Man hat den Verbrecher de m Richter überliefert. They have delivered the criminal to the judge. § 20. In clauses containing two objects, one being a personal pronoun and the other a noun, the pronoun stands first; as— Der fremde Herr gab mir einige Aepfel und Birnen. The stranger gave me some apples and pears. § 21. When both objects are personal pronouns, the accusative generally stands first; as— Sie hat es mir gesagt. Man hat sie ihm genommen. She has said it to me. They have taken her away from him. § 22. Adverbial expressions of time generally stand before the object (except it is a pronoun) and always before adverbial expressions of manner and place; as— § 24. In questions nicht sometimes stands before the accusative; as Haben Sie nicht meinen Brief er Have you not received my let halten? ter? I have not been ill. § 25. In general the negation nicht stands before that part of the sentence which it affects; asIch bin nicht krank gewesen. Wir sprechen nicht von ihm, sondern von seinem Vetter. Die Natur hatte sie nicht mit We do not speak of him, but of his cousin. Nature had not endowed her with beauty. II. INVERTED CONSTRUCTION. § 26. The ordinary way of arranging the words is to place the subject and its adjuncts first, and the predicate with its adjuncts after; as Der gute Vater (subj.) ist heute Morgen mit seinen drei Töchtern nach London abgereist (predicate with adjuncts). The good father has left this morning for London with his three daughters. But this construction is sometimes inverted, so as to place the predicate, or a part of the predicate, before the subject. This is the case: (a) In interrogative clauses; as— Kommt der Mann heute? Ist der Vater nach London abgereist? (6) In imperative clauses; as— Senden Sie diesen Brief zur Post! Does the man come to-day? Has the father left for London? (c) In exclamatory clauses; as— Hätte er auf mich gehört! Send this letter to the post-office! Would he had listened to me! (d) In subordinate clauses beginning with an adverbial conjunction. (See § 124 of the Grammar.) § 27. The ordinary way of arranging the words is often departed from for the sake of emphasizing a part of the predicate. In this case the part to be emphasized is placed at the beginning of the sentence, and the construction must be inverted, that is to say the subject must be placed after the verb; as Die lezten Worte hatte der junge Mensch mit gehobener Stimme gesprochen. The last words the young man had spoken with an elevated tone of voice. These sentences would read in the ordinary construction: Der junge Mensch hatte die lezten Worte mit gehobener Stimme gesprochen. Er kann nicht heute abreisen, sondern morgen. Er kann nicht mehr mit dem zwölf Uhr Zuge gehen, denn es ist zu spät. The words "Die letzten Worte," "heute," ,,mit dem zwölf Uhr Zuge," have been made emphatic by being placed at the beginning of the sentence, which required the verb and the subject to interchange places. § 28. Sometimes a subordinate clause (that is to say a clause dependent on another clause, without which it would not be understood) is made emphatic by being placed before the principal clause. Then also the subject of the principal clause must be placed after the verb; as Als er in die Stube kam, fand er mich am Schreibtische. When he came into the room, he found me at the desk. In this example the principal clause is „er fand mich am Schreibtische,“ and the subordinate clause is contained in the words „Als er in die Stube fam;" this latter clause has been emphasized by being placed before the principal clause, but it required the principal clause to be inverted, so as to place the subject (er) after the verb (fand). Here are some more examples of the same class; Weil er ein guter Junge ist, will ich ihm seine Bitte gewähren. Nachdem er gegessen und getrunken hatte, ging er nach Hause. III. Because he is a good fellow, I will grant his request. After having eaten and drunk, he went home. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. § 29. In subordinate clauses beginning with a relative pronoun, a relative conjunction, or a subordinative conjunction, the verb stands at the end; as— Man zeigte mir ein Buch, das viele schöne Bilder enthielt. Wir waren im Zimmer, als er eintrat. They showed me a book which con tained many beautiful pictures. We were in the room when he entered. |