II. OF ADJECTIVES.

§ 64. Adjectives are either primitive, derivative, or compound. Primitive adjectives are such as-gut, good; grün, green; flein, small; also many with the terminations e, el, en, er, the derivation of which is no longer recognizable, as—leise, gentle; edel, noble; eben, even, plain ; heit er, serene.

Derivative adjectives are formed from nouns, adjectives, and verbs by means of significant prefixes and suffixes.

§ 65.

A. DERIVATIVE ADJECTIVES.

PREFIXES.

Prefixes for the formation of derivative adjectives are—

be, erz, ge, miß, un, ur.

The explanations given in § 43 with respect to the prefixes Erz, Miß, un, Ur, as used for the formation of derivative nouns, apply equally to the same prefixes for the formation of derivative adjectives.

The original meaning of the prefixes be and ge is no longer recognizable in many adjectives, as-bereit, ready; be quem, comfortable; gerade, straight; gesund, healthy.

Ge, however, when prefixed to verbal stems for the formation of adjectives, attributes to the noun it qualifies a capacity for, or a tendency and disposition towards the notion implied by the verb. The adjectives have frequently the termination ig, as—g e lehr i g, docile (lehren, to teach); ge fräßig, voracious (fressen, to eat, to devour); ge fügig, pliable (fügen, to yield).

Be and Ge prefixed to nouns, and with the help of the termination t, form adjectives denoting a being endowed with the object expressed by the noun; as-ge stiefel t, booted, in boots (der Stiefel, boot); der gestiefelte Kater, puss in boots; gestiel t, stalked, having a stalk (der Stiel, stalk); beschuht, shoed, provided with shoes (der Schuh, the shoe); be sohlt, soled (die Sohle, the sole of a shoe or boot).

SUFFIXES.

§ 66. Suffixes for the formation of adjectives are—

bar, en, eru, haft, icht, ig, isch, lich, sam. (1) bar, added to nouns derived from verbs, corresponds mostly to the English ful, and expresses disposition; as—dank b a r, thankful; wunderbar, wonderful; furcht bar, fearful.

Added to verbal stems, it corresponds mostly to the English able, and denotes possibility and capability; as- trink b a r, drinkable; eß bar, eatable; denk bar, imaginable, from denken, to think.

(2) en and eru form, from names of materials, adjectives denoting the material of which anything is made; as-das Gold, gold— golden, of gold; die Wolle, wool-woll e n, of wool, woollen; die Seide, silk-seid en; das Holz, wood-hölz e r n.

Words ending in er require only n to be added; as—silber n, of silver, from das Silber; leder n, of leather, from das Leder.

(The suffix en also forms the Past Participle of verbs; as— lieben, p.p. geliebt; sprechen, p.p. gesprochen.)

(3) haft (kindred to "haften," to stick, to cleave, and to "haben," to have) corresponds to the English ous. It conveys in general the notion of being endowed with the quality or object expressed by the word to which it is added; as—leb haft, vivacious (das Leben, life); tugend haft, virtuous (die Tugend, virtue); ein tugend hafter Mensch, a virtuous man (i.e. a man endowed with the quality of virtue); mann haft, manly; bos haft, malicious (full of malice).

(4) icht (English like, ous) forms, more especially from names of materials, adjectives denoting a resemblance with the object expressed by the stem; as-holz icht, wood-like; ölicht, oleaginous (das Del, oil); woll icht, resembling wool; stein i cht, resembling stone, stone-like, hard.

(5) ig (English y) forms adjectives conveying the notion of being endowed with the quality or object expressed by the stem; as- mächtig, mighty, powerful (die Macht, might); gütig, kind (die Güte, kindness); wald i g, wooded (der Wald, forest); die waldige Gegend, the wooded neighbourhood; sandig, sandy (der Sand, sand).

It forms attributive adjectives from adverbs, prepositions, and numerals; as hiesig, of this place (from hier, here); übrig, left, remaining (from über, over); einzig, only, sole (from ein, one).

(6) isch (English ish, an, ian) forms national adjectives from names of countries; as-englisch, English; römisch, Roman; spanisch, Spanish; italienisch, Italian.

It also forms adjectives from nouns of foreign origin, when it answers to the English ic, ical; as-historisch, historic; fritisch, critical; logisch, logical.

(7) lich (ly, ish, al) means like, and conveys in general the idea of resemblance between the object qualified and the object expressed by the stem, as-Eine männliche That, a manly deed. From nouns it forms adjectives of an adverbial character; as-künstlich, artificial; herzlich, hearty; wörtlich, verbal; and when added to adjectives it has a diminutive force, as-röthlich, reddish; schwäch lich, weakly.

(8) fam corresponds often to the English ful, and denotes mostly a disposition; as-folg sam, obedient (folgen, to follow),

i. e. a disposition to follow; furcht sam, fearful, timid (die Furcht, fear); wach sa m, watchful (wachen, to wake).

B. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES.

§ 67. Compound adjectives are formed in the same manner as compound nouns. Compound adjectives, the first component of which is a noun, require generally the letters or n to be inserted between the two components (see § 63): hoffnung-s-voll; ehre-n-werth.

(For the composition of Verbs, and the signification of prefixes used with Verbs, the student is referred to §§ 104-112 of the Grammar).

IV. THE USE AND SIGNIFICATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS OF MOOD.

§ 68.

The Verb Wollen.

(See § 88 of the Grammar.)

It must be borne in mind that the English future of shall and will with the infinitive of another verb can never be translated by the verb wollen, but must always be expressed by the auxiliary verb of tense werden (see § 75, H, of the Grammar). Der König wird morgen kommen, the king will come to-morrow.

Wollen signifies

1. Will, intention, pleasure, and inclination; as—

Ich will es thun.

Wir wollen heute Nachmittag

ausgehen.

I will do it.

We intend going out this after

noon.

2. It indicates that an action is about to take place, when it corresponds to the English to be about,' 'to be on the point,' or 'to

3. It denotes an assertion by the subject (see § 69, 2), when it corresponds to the English to maintain and to assert; as—

5. Possibility, when it answers to the English may; as

Die Umstände mögen sein, welche ste

6. Ability, when it may be rendered by to be able, or can; as—

1. A moral necessity, proceeding from an established law, or from

2. Assertion by others (see § 68, 3), when it answers to the English they say, it is reported, it is said; asSie soll todt sein.

Der Feind soll schon nahe vor der Hauptstadt sein.

She is said to be dead.

The enemy is reported to be near the capital already.

3. Futurity, when it must be rendered by the verb to be; as

Das neue Schauspiel soll morgen

gegeben werden.

Die Arbeit solI morgen fertig sein.

The new play is to be given to

morrow.

The work is to be ready to-morrow.

4. Concession and acquiescence; Sie sollen das Paar Stiefel mor

gen haben.

Ja, ich will Ihre Bitte erfüllen; Sie sollen das Geheimniß erfahren.

as

You shall have the pair of boots to-morrow.

Yes, I will grant your request; you shall learn the secret.

5. The Imperfect expresses a condition, in the meaning of should and were; as

Wenn sie kommen sollten, so sagen

Sie ihnen nur, daß ich krank bin. Wenn es zu spät sein sollte, so wären wir verloren.

If they should come, please tell

them that I am ill.

If it were too late, we should be lost.