B.

DECLENSION OF NON-GERMANIZED FOREIGN NOUNS..

§ 30. Latin words add only to the genitive singular, if the nominative has not an 8 already. The Latin nominative plural is used for the four plural cases.

Many Latin nouns in um, however, have in the plural a German declension, and change um into eu; as-das Evangelium, die Evangelien, das Gymnasium, die Gymnasten. But when foreign nouns with the termination um or us have been shortened already in the singular, they often form their plural in e: das Seminar, die Seminare; das Substantiv, die Substantive; der Decan (from decanus), pl. die Decane. We say, however, das Princip, pl. die Principien; das Particip, pl. die Participien; das Adverb, pl. die Adverbien; das Material, pl. die Materialien; das Fossil, die Fossilien.

§ 31. Foreign nouns taken from modern languages take § for the genitive singular, while feminine words remain altogether unchanged in the singular. The plural is formed by adding for all cases, if the nominative has not an 's already.

C. DECLENSION OF PROPER NAMES.

32. Names of nations, rivers, seas, mountains, forests, etc., being used with the definite article, and a few names of countries exceptionally masculine and feminine, are inflected like common nouns; as-N. der Spanier, G. des Spaniers, N. Pl. die Spanier, Spaniard; N. die Elbe, G. der Elbe, etc.; N. der Franzose, G. des Franzosen, N. Pl. die Franzosen, Frenchman; N. die Weser, G. der Weser; N. die Ostsee, G. der Ostsee, the Baltic; N. der Brocken, G. des Brockens, D. dem Brocken, A. den Brocken, the Brocken (one of the Harz mountains).

§ 33. Names of towns, villages, and names of countries of the neuter gender, take in the genitive singular, but are unchanged in all other cases. Those ending in 8, y, and z form the genitive by means of the preposition von, or by the preceding genitive of the words Stadt, Dorf, etc.: N. Hamburg, G. Hamburgs; N. Breslau, G. Breslau's *; N. Paris, G. von Paris, der Stadt Paris.

Proper Names of Persons.

I. SINGULAR.

§ 34. Proper names of persons preceded by the definite or the indefinite article remain unchanged in the singular; as-der, des, dem, den Heine, Hermann, Schiller. But when the genitive of a proper name, qualified by an adjective, stands before the governing word, '§ is added; as des großen Schiller's Werke, the great Schiller's works.

§ 35. Proper names of persons without the article take or 's in the genitive singular (Dat. and Acc. unchanged); as-N. Karl, G. Karls; N. Minna, G. Minna's; N. Schiller, G. Schiller's. (An apostrophe is required only after a vowel and after family names.)

But names of male persons ending in §, ss, s, sch, y, z, and names of female persons ending in e have in the genitive ens. Thus we say Karls, Friedrichs, Luther's, Otto's, but Hansens, Fritzens, Luisens, Sophiens.

2. PLURAL.

§ 36. The plural of proper names of persons is declined, with or without the article, in the following ways:

(a) Some names of females ending in e take n: Sophie, Sophien; whilst others, and especially those ending in a, seem not to be used in the plural.

(6) Names of males ending in a, e, i, el, en, er, and neuter names in chen remain unchanged in all cases, except in the dative, which takes an ʼn where there is no n in the nominative: N. die Luther, die Hanchen; D. den Luthern, den Hanchen.

(c) Names ending in sometimes take ne: Nero, Nerone; sometimes nen: Scipio, Scipionen.

(d) All other German names of male persons, and foreign names ending in on and am take e for the nominative, genitive, and accusative plural, and en for the dative plural; as-Wilhelm, Wilhelme; Melanchton, Melanchtone; Adam, Adame. D. pl. den Wilhelmen, etc.

* An apostrophe between the noun and 8 is required only after a vowel.

CHAPTER IV.

THE ADJECTIVE (Das Beiwort).

I. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES.

§ 37. An adjective may be used, Ist, as an attribute, 2nd, as a predicate, and 3rd, in apposition with a noun or a pronoun.

Das schöne Mädchen.

Das Mädchen ist schön.

Ein Mädchen schön und wunderbar (Sch.).

Examples.

The beautiful girl (schön attribute to Mädchen).
The girl is beautiful (schön predicate).

A maiden beautiful and wonderful (schön and
wunderbar in apposition).

§ 38. The adjective used in apposition, or as a predicate not followed by a noun, is never declined.

§ 39. The adjective used as an attribute is always placed immediately before the noun it qualifies, and is declined in three different ways; viz.:

Ist. When not preceded by any article, adjective-pronoun, or numeral.

2nd. When preceded by the definite article or a word with the terminations er, e, es (see § 6).

3rd. When preceded by the indefinite article, the numerals ein and kein, or a possessive adjective-pronoun (see § 7 and § 68).

§ 40.

I. First (strong or ancient) Form of Declension.

RULE. When not preceded by any article, adjective-pronoun, or numeral, the adjective takes the distinctive terminations of the definite article (see § 6).

$ 41.

II. Second (weak or modern) Form of Declension.

RULE.When preceded by the definite article, or a word with the strong terminations er, e, es (see § 6), the adjective takes e in the nominative singular for all genders, and in the accusative singular of the feminine and neuter gender,

ent in all the other cases.

*In the genitive singular of the masculine and neuter genders modern writers prefer to give the adjective the termination en instead of es for the sake of euphony; as—guten Weines, guten Kindes.

§ 42.

III. Third (or mixed) Form of Declension.

RULE. When preceded by the indefinite article, the numerals ein and fein, or a possessive adjective-pronoun (see § 7), the adjective takes

e,

In the Nominative Singular of the masculine gender. er, of the feminine gender of the neuter gender The Accusative Singular femi

es,

and in all the other cases ent.
nine and neuter, however, is always like the Nominative.

§ 43. (a) Adjectives ending in el, er, en (also comparatives in er) drop the e of those syllables before the inflections e, er, es, em:

edel, noble: edle Frau, edl-er Mann, edl-es Kind.

größer, greater: größr-er, größr-e, größr-es.

vollkommen, perfect: vollkommn-er, vollkommn-e, vollkommn-es.

(6) Adjectives and comparatives ending in er may also drop the e of the termination em:

heiter, cheerful: heiter-m.

größer: größer-m.

(c) Adjectives and comparatives ending in el and er should drop the e of the inflection en :

edel: edel-n.

heiter: Heiter-n.

§ 44. Adjectives used as substantives are declined as they would be if the noun followed them, but take a capital letter:

Sing. N. der Weise (the wise man), G. des Weisen, D. dem Weisen,

A. den Weisen.

Pl. N. die Weisen, G. der Weisen, D. den Weisen, A. die Weisen.