As in the case of the Golakhpur coins and of every new find, the present coins bear a number of new marks which are not amongst those figured by Theobald. Of the 51 obverse marks on Plate III only 23 correspond to marks figured by Theobald, and only three of the reverse marks.2

Still fewer of the marks on the present coins correspond with those on the Golakhpur coins. Although the two constant marks of the present coins, Figs. 1 and 2, correspond with the two constant marks, Figs. 1 and 2, of the Golakhpur coins, only one of the remaining obverse marks on the present coins corresponds, namely, Fig. 42 with Fig. 19 of the Golakhpur coins; and only one of the reverse marks, namely, Fig. 87 with Fig. 67 of the Golakhpur coins.

A complete record of the obverse marks occurring on punchmarked coins is needed, from which it may eventually be possible to assign these coins to definite areas and governments.

Although the classification of the coins has been made in reference to be obverse marks only and the reverse marks have not been taken into consideration, it will be seen from Table II, Figs. 55 to 97, that in some cases the same reverse marks are found on those coins which the obverse marks show to form one class, and not on the other coins, a fact which, on the supposition that the reverse marks are the marks of shroffs or moneyers through whose hands the coins passed, supports the presumption that those coins bearing one group of marks on the obverse passed through the hands of the same moneyers, as would be the case if they were the coins of one locality.

As an example of this, the "Taxila Mark," Fig. 55, occurs on the reverse of two of the four coins, Nos. 1-4, in class A.1,

and on both the coins, Nos. 5 and 6, in class A.2, and the variety of this mark, Fig. 56, occurs on the remaining two coins of class A.l; and the triskelis, Fig. 59, and the caduceus, Fig. 63, occur together on the reverse of all the coins Nos. 53, 54, 55, which form the distinct class, class L. Other examples will also be found in Table II.

Another fact which supports the conclusion that the reverse marks are those of shroffs or moneyers and are not the recognized marks constituting the coinage is that in some cases the same mark occurs punched more than once on the reverse of the same coin; for example, Fig. 90 is punched in two places on the reverse of coin No. 43, and Fig. 94 is punched in two places on the reverse of the No. 46.

The reverse marks on the present coins, as in the case of reverse marks on punch-marked coins generally, differ from those on the obverse and are smaller and are punched less deeply into the coin. When they are of the same design as obverse marks they are smaller than the corresponding obverse mark.

Only five of the 43 marks which occur on the reverse of the present coins are similar to marks on the obverse, namely, the Hill mark, Figs. 65, 65 (a) and 65 (6) which resembles obverse Fig. 3; the peacock on hill, Fig. 66, which resembles obverse Fig. 3(e); the caduceus, Fig. 63, which resembles obverse Fig. 4; the humped bull, Fig. 90, which resembles obverse Fig. 8; and the four taurines round central boss, Fig. 70, which resembles obverse Fig. 39. In every one of these cases the reverse marks are considerably smaller than the similar marks on the obverse. This is particularly noticeable where the similar mark occurs on the obverse and reverse of the same coin; as the hill-mark on the obverse and reverse of coin No. 25; the peacock on hill, on the obverse and reverse of coins Nos. 20 and 21; the caduceus on the obverse and reverse of coins Nos. 9, 13, 40, 53, 54, 55; and the humped bull on the obverse and reverse of coin No. 43.

The reason for the reverse marks being punched so much less deeply into the coin may possibly be due to the fact that the squares or disks of metal were heated before the coinage marks on the obverse were punched on, while the shroffs or moneyers would punch their marks on to the cold metal of the coin.

In some cases the reverse marks are hardly more than the outline of the design and have the appearance of having been partly obliterated by having been partly pressed or hammered out from the other side. An example of this is the mark Fig. 72 on the reverse of coin No. 57. A possible explanation of this may be that in some cases people brought their silver to the minting authorities to have the government and other official marks minted on them, ready prepared in the form of the bars in which they would be cut in lengths to the. authorized weight, and be stamped, and, before doing so, placed their own private marks on one side of the bars to ensure getting their own silver back again in coins after paying the Rupiya or seignorage for minting.

The Numbers on the Plate are the Numbers of the Coins in the List.

Photo.-engraved & printed at the Offices of the Survey of India, Calcutta, 1919.