Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold Environments on Human Health, Comfort and Performance, Second EditionOur responses to our thermal environment have a considerable effect on our performance and behavior, not least in the realm of work. There has been considerable scientific investigation of these responses and formal methods have been developed for environmental evaluation and design. In recent years these have been developed to the extent that detailed national and international standards of practice have now become feasible. This new edition of Ken Parson's definitive text brings us back up to date. He covers hot, moderate and cold environments, and defines these in terms of six basic parameters: air temperature, radiate temperature, humidity, air velocity, clothing worn, and the person's activity. There is a focus on the principles and practice of human response, which incorporates psychology, physiology and environmental physics with applied ergonomics. Water requirements, computer modeling and computer-aided design are brought in, as are current standards. Special populations, such as the aged or disabled and specialist environments such as those found in vehicles are also considered. This book continues to be the standard text for the design of environments for humans to live and work safely, comfortably and effectively, and for the design of materials which help the same people cope with their environments. |
Contents
Human thermal environments | 1 |
BASIC PARAMETERS | 2 |
THE HEAT BALANCE EQUATION FOR THE HUMAN BODY | 16 |
EXAMPLE CALCULATION | 22 |
A PRACTICAL APPROACH | 28 |
Human thermal physiology and thermoregulation | 31 |
THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN BODY | 32 |
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES | 39 |
WHOLEBODY THERMAL COMFORT | 197 |
THERMAL MODELS AND THERMAL COMFORT | 215 |
DO REQUIREMENTS FOR COMFORT UNIVERSALLY APPLY? | 221 |
Thermal comfort for special populations special environments and adaptive modelling | 229 |
BABIES CHILDREN THE SICK AND THE PREGNANT | 236 |
BEHAVIOURAL THERMOREGULATION THERMAL COMFORT AND THE ADAPTIVE MODEL | 237 |
Heat stress | 258 |
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO HEAT | 259 |
BEHAVIOURAL THERMOREGULATION | 44 |
BODY TEMPERATURE | 46 |
Psychological responses | 49 |
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS | 51 |
THERMAL SENSATION | 53 |
THERMORECEPTION | 54 |
SEMANTICS PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING | 61 |
MOOD AGGRESSION DEPRESSION AND OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS | 63 |
DISCUSSION | 69 |
Dehydration and water requirements | 71 |
BODY WATER | 72 |
DEHYDRATION MEASURES | 73 |
BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS BIA | 83 |
DEHYDRATION LIMITS | 84 |
PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DRINKING | 87 |
Measurement methods and assessment techniques | 93 |
MEASURING KITS AND COMPOSITE INSTRUMENTS | 109 |
MEASUREMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE | 112 |
MEASUREMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES | 122 |
THE THERMAL INDEX AN ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE | 128 |
Metabolic heat production | 131 |
ESTIMATION OF METABOLIC HEAT PRODUCTION | 134 |
THE USE OF TABLES AND DATABASES | 140 |
EMPIRICAL MODELS | 143 |
SUBJECTIVE METHODS | 144 |
SPECIAL POPULATIONS CHILDREN PEOPLE WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AND PEOPLE WEARING PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND E... | 148 |
The thermal properties of clothing | 156 |
A SIMPLE CLOTHING MODEL | 157 |
THE TWOPARAMETER MODEL | 165 |
DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CLOTHING | 179 |
CLOTHING SPECIFICATION AND THE WINDOW OF APPLICATION | 195 |
Thermal comfort | 196 |
Heat disorders | 261 |
ACCLIMATIZATION | 287 |
Cold stress | 293 |
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO COLD | 294 |
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO COLD | 297 |
COLD STRESS INDICES | 300 |
CASE STUDY OF COLD WORK IN A HOSPITAL PLATING AREA | 321 |
Interference with activities performance and productivity | 326 |
FACTORY OUTPUT AND ACCIDENTS | 328 |
PERFORMANCE MODELS AND INDICES | 339 |
A RATIONAL PERFORMANCE MODEL | 344 |
Human skin contact with hot moderate and cold surfaces | 350 |
SKIN CONTACT WITH A HOT SURFACE ANALYSIS OF THE EVENT | 351 |
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF HEAT TRANSFER | 363 |
DISCUSSION | 376 |
SURFACES OF MODERATE TEMPERATURE | 382 |
COLD SURFACES | 384 |
International Standards | 388 |
STANDARDS UNDER DEVELOPMENT | 415 |
STANDARDS IN THE USA | 421 |
STANDARDS IN THE UK | 427 |
EUROPEAN STANDARDS CEN | 431 |
EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARDS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF A HOT ENVIRONMENT | 432 |
EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARDS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MODERATE ENVIRONMENTS | 434 |
EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARDS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF COLD ENVIRONMENTS | 435 |
Thermal models and computer aided design | 438 |
THERMAL MODELS | 439 |
DO MODELS WORK? | 466 |
Fundamentals of heat transfer | 478 |
483 | |
518 | |
Other editions - View all
Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold ... Ken Parsons Limited preview - 2007 |
Human Thermal Environments: The Effects Of Hot, Moderate And Cold ... Ken Parsons No preview available - 1993 |
Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate, and Cold ... Ken Parsons No preview available - 2002 |
Common terms and phrases
acclimatization activity adaptive air temperature air velocity ASHRAE assessment behaviour blood body temperature calculated cent climate clothing insulation cold environments considered contact temperature convection core temperature dehydration determined discomfort effective temperature effects environmental ergonomics evaporation example exposure factors Fanger Figure Gagge heart rate heat balance equation heat loss heat stress heat transfer heat transfer coefficient hot environments human skin human thermal environments humidity hypothalamus hypothermia increase involving IREQ laboratory limit manikin mean radiant temperature mean skin temperature measure metabolic heat production metabolic rate method neutral performance person physiological practical predicted psychological rectal temperature sensor six basic parameters standard studies subjects surface area sweat rate Table task thermal comfort thermal conditions thermal insulation thermal manikins thermal models thermal sensation thermometer thermoreceptors thermoregulation urine vasoconstriction vasodilation ventilation warm water vapour WBGT wet bulb temperature whole-body wind chill workers
Popular passages
Page 497 - Hot environments — Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal stress using calculation of required sweat rate...