(b) The object exciting mental emotion1: after misereor, and the 1328 impersonals miseret, pænitet, piget, pudet, tædet. In early writers, rarely, after a few other verbs.

Aliquando miseremini sociorum. (C. Verr. 1. 28.)

Dicebatur, sordidati rei non miseritos, candidam togam invito offerre. (L. 27. 34.)

Me quidem miseret parietum ipsorum atque tectorum.

(C. Phil. 2. 28.) Num te fortunæ tuæ, num amplitudinis, num claritatis pænitebat? (C. Phil. 1. 13.)

Ipsius pænitere homines apparuit, quem autem in ejus locum substituerent locum deesse. (L. 23. 3.)

Sunt homines, quos libidinis infamiæque suæ neque pudeat neque tædeat. (C. Verr. Act. 1. 12.)

Pudet me deorum hominumque. (L. 3. 19.)

Pudet optimi exercitus, qui si pacis, id est, timoris nostri nomen audierit, ut non referat pedem, sistet certe. (C. Phil. 12. 3.) Me civitatis morum piget tædetque. (Sall. J. 4.)

Decemvirorum vos pertæsum est. (L. 3. 67.)

Neque hujus sis veritus feminæ primariæ. (Ter. Ph. 971.)
Fastidit mei. (Plaut. Aul. 243.) Studet tui. (ap. C. N. D. 3. 29.)

The following appear to be mere Gracisms3:

Justitiæne prius mirer, belline laborum? (Verg. A. 11. 126.)
Neque ille sepositi ciceris nec longæ invidit avenæ. (Hor. S. 2.6.84.)

1330

(c) The thing remembered, c. after memini, reminiscor, 1332 obliviscor, admoneo1, &c.

Veteris proverbii admonitu vivorum memini, nec tamen Epicuri licet oblivisci, si cupiam. (C. Fin. 5. 1.)

Alii reminiscentes veteris famæ, ætatis miserebantur.

(Nep. 19. 4.)

Catilina admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis suæ.

(Sall. Cat. 21.)

Nemo est in Sicilia quin tui sceleris et crudelitatis ex illa oratione commonefiat. (C. Verr. 5. 43.)

Certiorem me sui consilii fecit.
Venit mihi Platonis in mentem,

(C. Att. 9. 2.)

(C. Fin. 5. 1.)

Continued on p. 136.

1 An indefinite object of emotion is often expressed with pænitet, 1329 pudet, piget, by a neuter pronoun in the nominative singular. Sapientis est enim proprium,nihil, quod pænitere possit,facere. (C. T. D. 5. 28.)

Nil, Charine, te quidem quicquam pudet. (Pl. Merc. 912.)
Nimio id quod pudet facilius fertur, quam illut quod piget.

(Pl. Ps. 281.)

Nequid plus minusve faxit, quod nos post pigeat. (Ter. Ph. 554.)

Terence has once the plural: Non te hæc pudent? (Ad. 754.) So also Lucan 8. 494. (The passage of Plaut. Stich. 51, hæc conditio pænitet is not in the Ambros. MSS.)

(An infinitive or substantive clause is not uncommonly subject to these impersonals, and expresses the object of emotion.)

2 The usual construction of vereor (genitive once also in Cic. Att. 8. 4), fastidio, studeo, is seen in

Intellexerat vereri vos se et metuere ita, ut æquomst Jovem.

Fastidire lacus et rivos ausus apertos.

(Pl. Amph., 23.)

(Hor. Ep. 2. 3. 11.) Cur quemquam ut studeat tibi roges? (C. Mur. 36.)

3 The regular Latin construction has with miror the accusative; 1331 with invideo the dative of the person or thing envied; or, combined with a dative of the person, either an accusative or ablative of the thing grudged, or, of the subject matter of envy, the ablative with in. See C. T. D. 3. 9, Quint. 9. 3. 1 (ed. Halm.), who both speak of the construction.

Mirari satis hominis neglegentiam non queo. (C. Att. 10. 5.)
Honori inviderunt meo. (C. Agr. 2. fin.)

Forsit honorem jure mihi invideat quivis. (Hor. S. 1. 6. 49.)
Non inviderunt laude sua mulieribus viri Romani. (L. 2. 40.)
Ego vero ita fecissem, nisi interdum in hoc Crasso paulum inviderem.
(C. Or. 2. 56.)

A neut.

4 Memini, reminiscor, obliviscor often, and recordor always (unless 1333 C. Pis. 6 be an exception) have the object in the accusative. accus. (under § 1092) or abl. with de is common after recordor, moneo, &c.

Qui sunt boni cives, nisi qui patriæ beneficia meminerunt?

(C. Planc. 33.)

Cinnam memini; vidi Sullam. (C. Phil. 5. 6.)
Dulcis moriens reminiscitur Argos. (Verg. A. 10. 782.)
Tu oblivisci nihil soles nisi injurias. (C. Lig. 12.)
Oro ut Terentiam moneatis de testamento. (C. Att. 11. 16.)
In utramque partem in mentem multa veniebant.

(C. Fam. 11. 29.) Continued on p. 137.

(d) Thing lacking or supplied after impleo, compleo, repieo1, 1334 egeo, indigeo2; potio (old), potior3 and in early writers (rarely) some few others.

Tullia celeriter adolescentem temeritatis suæ implet. (L. 1. 46.)
Lamentari ait illam miseram quia tis egeat, quia te careat.

(Pl. Mil. 1033-)

Virtus plurimæ commentationis et exercitationis indiget.

(C. Fin. 3. 15.)

Eam nunc potivit pater servitutis5. (Pl. Amph. 178.)
Nec efficere potest ut Adherbalis potiretur. (Sall. J. 25.)
Nec satis audiebam nec sermonis fallebat tamen.

(Plaut. Epid. 2. 2. 55.)

Me omnium jam laborum levas. (Plaut. Rud. 247.)
Qui huic omnium rerum ipsus semper credit. (Plaut. As. 459.)

So also after adjectives":

Domus erat aleatoribus referta, plena ebriorum. (C. Phil. 2. 27.)
Referta quondam Italia Pythagoreorum fuit. (C. Or. 2. 37.)
Intus sum omnium rerum satur9. (Ter. Ad. 765.)

Circa viam haud procul Capua omnium egena 10 corpora humi
prostraverunt. (L. 9. 6.)

Sine me vocivum 11 tempus nequod dem mihi laboris. (Ter. Haut. 90.)
Inops 12 senatus auxilii humani ad deos populum ac vota vertit.

(L. 3. 7.)

Portoria quæ vellent, caperent, dum eorum immunes 13 Romani essent.

1336

The following appear to be mere Græcisms 14:

(L. 38. 44.)

1338

Abstineto irarum calidæque rixa. (Hor. Od. 3. 27. 69.)
Desine mollium tandem querelarum. (Ib. 2. 9. 18.)
Dulci laborum decipitur sono. (Ib. 2. 13. 38.)

2.

For the so-called genitive expressing place where, see § 1168.

For pluris, minoris, assis, and other expressions of value, see § 1186.

Continued on p. 138.

1340

1 impleo, compleo usually, repleo nearly always (but Liv. 6. 25), 1335 have the ablative. (In Livy the gen. with impleo is the more usual.) See § 1216.

2 egeo (in Cicero always?) and indigeo often, have ablative, see § 1212. (Egeo with genitive often in Sallust, rarely in Livy.)

3 potior often has the ablative and in old writers (besides genitive and ablative) the accusative. See §§ 1226, 1223.

4 In Lucr. 2. 838-845 we have genitives after secreta, among a number of similar ablatives: Scire licet quædam tam constare orba colore, quam sine odore ullo quædam sonituque remota; nec minus hæc animum cognoscere posse sagacem, quam quæ sunt aliis rebus privata notare. Sed ne forte putes solo spoliata colore corpora prima manere, etiam secreta teporis sunt ac frigoris omnino calidique vaporis, et sonitu sterila et suco jejuna feruntur. In 1. 194 secreta cibo.

5 Horia in mari fluctuoso piscatu novo me uberi compotivit.

(Pl. Rud. 911.)

6 In different meaning ('fall into power of') sometimes in Plautus: e.g. Gnatus tuus potitust hostium (Pl. Capt. 140, cf. 90, 758; Epid. 4. 1. 35).

7 Some of these genitives may be referred to other heads; e. g. after 1337 inops, immunis to § 1306; after plenus, vacuus, satur to § 1318, &c.

The analogy of these words is followed in fessi rerum (Verg. A. 1. 178); lasso maris et viarum et militiæque (Hor. Od. 2. 6. 7); magna vis camelorum onusta frumenti (Tac. 4. 15. 12). The ablative is the regular case.

The ablative is also found after these adjectives; see §§ 1212, 1263. 8 Plenus annis abiit, plenus honoribus. (Plin. Ep. 2. 1.) See Quint.

9. 3. 1.

9 Tuus iste nepos satur anseris extis. (Pers. 6. 71.)

10 Nec aliud subsidii quam castellum commeatu egenum. (Tac. A.12.
46; cf. 15. 12. Elsewhere always genitive.)

11 Consilium nostrum spero vacuum periculo fore. (C. Att. 10. 16.)
12 Cn. Lentulus non tardus sententiis, non inops verbis. (C. Brut. 70.)
18 Una centuria facta est, immunis militia. (L. 1. 43.)

14 The regular Latin construction with these verbs is seen in

Quotus enim quisque qui, inpunitate et ignoratione omnium proposita, abstinere possit injuria. (C. Off. 3. 17.) But also accus. Ter. Haut. 373.

Libenter mehercule artem desinerem. (C. Fam. 7. 1.)

1339

1341

Continued on p. 139.

CHAPTER XII.

USE OF INFINITIVE.

THE infinitive, or, as it is generally called, the infinitive mood of 1342 a verb, is an indeclinable verbal substantive, distinguished from ordinary verbal substantives by being primarily and usually not abstract, but concrete, and representing an action or fact or event in connection with the person or thing of which it is predicated.

Its substantival character is shewn in its own construction. It is used as object, as predicate both oblique and direct, and as subject, so far as a substantive in the accusative or nominative case would be so used. It is used as direct primary predicate, only as a noun may be predicated without the intervention of a finite verb (§ 1009). But it is not properly used as a genitive, dative, or ablative case, or as an accusative after a preposition. The gerund is used instead. (See however §§ 1360-1363.)

On the other hand its verbal character is shewn partly by its 1343 containing the notion of time, partly by the construction and nature of words dependent on it. Its object is in the accusative or dative, not genitive case; it is qualified by adverbs, not adjectives; and it readily admits of the same enlargements and qualifications by means of phrases or subordinate sentences that a finite verb does. But it does not, either by itself, or with its subject, except when used as primary predicate, form an independent sentence, and it consequently has its subject, when expressed separately from that of the verb on which it depends, not in the nominative, but in the accusative case.

Compare Tullus bene fidit rebus suis' with 'Tullus diseit bene fidere rebus suis,' and 'Discimus Tullum bene fidere rebus suis;' 'Discit bene fidere rebus suis' with 'Discit bonam fiduciam rerum suarum,'

The ordinary usages of the infinitive will be given first (A); then its use as a primary predicate (B); lastly, its poetic and rare use instead of a gerund or prepositional expression (C).

1