duce a quick and sufficiently powerful reaction. In this case, however, stimulation would be more quickly and certainly fatal than bleeding, even indiscreetly urged; for, by the former, you cannot fail to increase the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach, which will necessarily augment the danger; while the latter only diminishes the power of reaction; therefore, by the first practice, the cause of the disease is increased; by the second, the effects of this cause are only augmented. For the first, there may be no adequate remedy; for the second, a remedy may be found hence, when, in the early stage of yellow fever, recourse is had to internal stimulants, the case is almost uniformly fatal; whereas, bleeding, even when injudiciously employed, only depresses the system, which may recover by the aid of external stimuli; and the case is not as desperate as when stimuli have been thrown into the stomach during the state of active inflammation. In the case, however, under consideration, it is only an abuse of the proper remedy; for, if the abstraction of blood be judiciously made in this state of the system, the system, instead of becoming prostrate, will react promptly; for the pulse, in the beginning of this disease, is in a state of depression, as has already been explained, and not of absolute weakness; for there have been instances of recovery, as already stated, after spontaneous hæmorrhages from various parts of the body, but where the abstraction of blood from the general system by the lancet would certainly have proved fatal. Does not this flow of blood intimate to us the propriety of imitating it, by the application of a leech or two to various parts of the body? One thing is very certain in the generality of cases of yellow fever, that when bleeding, either general or topical, fails to afford relief, stimulants never succeed: therefore, when the time is past for both general and topical bleeding, it is in vain to attempt the relief of the patient by the exhibition of stimulants. By doing little or nothing at this time, the recuperative powers of the system, if left to themselves, may restore the patient; for all that art can do, at this time, is not to thwart or prevent their efforts. We must, therefore, be rather the spectators of the conflict of the system, than active agents against the disease; taking care, however, constantly to remove, as much as it may be in our power, any obstacle that may appear to interfere with the general progress to recovery, as an irregular condition of the bowels, of the stomach, of the state of air, &c. &c. Nausea and vomiting are troublesome conditions of the stomach, and its relief should be attempted by leeching, cupping and blistering, over its region, by Seltzer water, the effervescing draught, lime water and milk, &c., but never, or but very rarely in the beginning of the disease, by stimulants: after decided marks of debility, clove tea, mint tea, or strong coffee, with mustard to the epigastrium, may be tried. When black vomit has come on, the spirit of turpentine, with the oil of cinnamon, in thirty drop doses, has been certainly of temporary use, and occasionally of permanent benefit. Thirst may be abated by small quantities of very cold water, or by frequently swallowing small portions of ice, as directed above: sometimes the feeling of the stomach is in favor of warm drinks; when this is the case, the craving or instinct should be indulged. Hiccough is sometimes extremely distressing in this complaint. Camphor, in doses of from five to ten grains, will sometimes relieve it. Should it offend the stomach, it may be given very advantageously in a gill of rich flaxseed tea, and thin starch, or mucilage of gum-arabic, as an enema. The utmost attention must be constantly paid to the patient by the nurse: he should have the luxury of fresh air constantly, and the frequent renewal of clean, fresh body linen and bed clothes. YORCK, GENERAL. (See York.) Z. ZAARA. (See Sahara.) ZETLAND ISLES. (See Shetland.) WITHERSPOON, John, D. D., LL. D., president of the college at Princeton, New Jersey, was born in Yester, Scotland, February 5, 1722, and educated at Edinburgh. He was settled in the ministry, first at Beith, and afterwards at Paisley, and became one of the most distinguished of the Scottish clergy for talents and influence. He published while there his Characteristics, and became the leader of the orthodox part of the clergy. He was invited to remove to several distinguished cities in Europe, but, at length, accepted an appointment to the presidency of the college at Princeton, New Jersey, and came to that state, with his family, in 1768. The war of the revolution dispersed the students, and left him at leisure to engage in civil employments, to which he was almost immediately called. He was elected a member of the convention which formed the constitution of New Jersey, and, in 1776, was appointed a member of congress, and retained a seat in that body till the conclusion of peace. His name is affixed to the Declaration of Independence, and the Articles of Confederation. After the war, the college was re-opened, and he returned to his duties there. During the last two years of his life, he suffered the loss of his sight. He died November 15, 1794, in the seventy-third year of his age. He possessed a mind of great vigor and activity, of uncommon shrewdness and humor. His learning was very various and extensive, and his discernment of character singularly keen. His preaching was characterized by perspicuity and energy. He was an able politician, and a zealous friend of liberty, and a highly amiable, amusive, and instructive companion. His works have been published in 4 vols., 8vo. Note referred to on page 502 of this Volume. Since this volume was put in type, we have received the work of Messrs. De Beaumont and De Toqueville on the Penitentiary System in the United States (Paris, 1833). These gentlemen were sent by the French government to inquire into the state of the American prisons, and to give a report on the systems here adopted. Their work (a translation of which is now making in this country) contains, as may be supposed, much valuable information on the Auburn system, as well as on that practised in the Eastern penitentiary, near Philadelphia; and the report on the health of the convicts in solitary confinement, according to the Pennsylvania plan, is highly satisfactory. ERRATA. The following list contains the errata which have been found during the preparation of this work. These have been corrected as fast as discovered, so that they do not appear in the later copies. VOL. I. Page 16, running title, for 'Abial,' read 'Abrial.' p. 53, line 3, had been previously,' read was subsequently,' and after Massachusetts,' insert ‘in 1775.' p. 55, 1. 47, p. 89, 1. 32, p. 92, 1. 37, p. 108, 1. 31, Angelicana' read 'Anglicanæ.' p. 177, Aliment' is placed by mistake after 'AllSouls.' p. 190,Almond' is put by mistake after 'Almoner.' p. 194, 1. 4, Rhotian' read Rhætian ;'-1. 14, 12,859' read '14,859.' p. 202, 1. 38, 'Pasco' read Vasco,' p. 208, 1. 16, 1497'read' 1499 ;'-1. 17, omit the word 'likewise.' p. 211, 1. 48, Hartford, Connecticut' should be New York.' p. 224, 'Ana Santa, a comma is wanted after 'Ana.' p. 240, 1. 1,24,441' read 21,441.' p. 250, 1. 21 from bottom, strike out 'S. Tomas de Angostura ;-1. 18 and 19 from bottom, strike out 140 miles N. of Santa Fe de Bogota, on the Magdalena river,' and insert south side of river Oronoco, about 90 leagues from its mouth.' p. 259, f. 22, Bidke' read' Bielke.' p. 410, Ashmole' is placed by mistake before 'Ashantee.' p. 450, Atooi is said to be supposed to contain 54,000 inhabitants. The population is probably not over 12,000. p. 474, 1. 43, '125' read 275.' p. 497, 1. 41, for by Charlemagne to,' read 'to Charlemagne by.' p. 499, I. 43, for expelled from Moravia,' read 'destroyed by the Moravians.' p. 584, 1. 25, 1661' read 1611.' VOL. II. Page 20, 1. 16 from bottom, 1530' read 1546.' p. 75, 1. 29, Dessaix' read 'Desaix.' p. 93, 1. 4 from bottom, 4291' read '3733.' p. 181. Some mistakes on this page are corrected in the note to the first page of the article 'Joseph Bonaparte.' p. 208, 1. 4, for has described his own life at length,' read his life has been written by M. de Bausset ;-1. 20 from bottom, 48,281' read 58,281.' p. 248, 1. 20 from bottom, for are administered by the representatives of the people,' read 'rest on a transfer of power by the people.' p. 329, 1. 35, 883' read 888.' p. 354, 1. 15 from bottom, Dover' read London.' p. 357, 1. 17 from bottom, Paris' read Pisa.' p. 412, 1. 13, Machmud' read Mahmud.' p. 486, 1. 30, Moravia' read 'Moldavia.' VOL. XIII. 45 p. 491, 1. 9, for 3000' read '30,000.' p. 492, 1. 15 from bottom. Cape Haytien is erroneously stated to be the capital of Hayti. VOL. III. ་ Page 30, 1. 1 and 2, Burying-Ground' read ' Burying-Places.' p. 184. The view of the expense of the clergy in England, compared with that of the clergy in the rest of the world, was taken from a statement made during the short sway of the constitutional governments in Spain and Portugal, when the income of the clergy in those countries was much reduced, and therefore is true only of that time. p. 226, 1. 15 from bottom, Clerfati' read' Clerfait.' p. 346, 1. 10 and 11, 'Columbarii' read Columbaria.' p. 351, 1. 23, 2 vols.' read '4 vols.,' and '1825' read 1828.' p. 479. The qualifications of voters in New York should be stated thus:-Citizenship, residence of a year in the state, and six months in the county, immediately preceding the election. For people of color, a freehold of $250 (the taxes on which have been paid), and three years' citizenship, with residence one year immediately before the election. p. 526, 1. 9 from bottom, 'Quatremères' read 'Quatremère.' VOL. IV. Page 28, in the paragraph headed Sentences of Death,' the words annual average' belong only to the first three lines. The word 'total' should be substituted in the following lines, and the words ' in the whole,' now set against Scotland, in the 4th line, struck out, p. 96, 1. 15, Methodicus' read Methodius.' p. 108, 1.9 from bottom, Bürgschafs' read Burgschaft." p. 189, 1. 29, Opite' read Opitz.' p. 199, 1. 2, Bauer' read Baner.' p. 211. The lives of the two earls of Essex will be found on page 211, under the head of 'Devereux.' p. 292, 1.9 from bottom, 1,0000' read 10,000.' p. 314, 1. 11, miles square' read square miles.' p. 348, 1.23 from bottom, Lutzen' read Bautzen.' p. 371, 1. 29, for after March 14' read following the first full moon after the vernal equinox.' p. 396, 1. 12, for 2 hours' read 4 hours 29 minutes 44 seconds.' p. 399, 1. 27 from bottom, miles' read feet.' p. 524, 1. 15 from bottom, put the word 'Memorial' after Las Cases.' p. 573, 1. 37, Erastostratus' read Heratostratus.' p. 608, in note, 6 lines from bottom, 21 should be 21. p. 609. In this table (as given in many copies of this work), owing to an accident in printing, the items in the column headed 'Government,' after number 35, do not correspond to the countries similarly numbered on page 608. In those copies of this work in which this mistake exists, an improved form of the table is given after the index to vol. v. VOL. V. Page 43, 1. 26 from bottom, Carey' read 'Cary.' p. 110, 1. 22 from bottom, balls' read' bases.' p. 129, l. 14, rifaccimiento' read rifacimento.' p. 183, l. 16 from bottom, Brauernfeind' read 'Baurenfeind.' p. 204, 1. 27, Louvain' read 'Louvel.' p. 352,1. 20 from bottom, '86' read ‘56,' and '.16' read-16.' p. 390, l. 6, 1775' read 1755.' p. 450, 1. 8 from bottom, there should be a comma instead of a period after 38.' p. 480, 1. 11, 'ereceding' read 'preceding.' p. 542, 1. 6, Deutschen' read Deutsche.' p. 559, 1. 13, 'Letteraria' read Literaria.' p. 590, 1. 4 from bottom of right column, 'students' read members.' p. 611, 1. 11, for '50' read8000.' p. 612, 1. 13, Marquis of' read 'Warren.' |