not only to his own people, but to others abroad also, the blessings of his divine labours. But he was most useful to all in the catholic epistles that he addressed to the churches; one of which is addressed to the Lacedæmonians, and contains instructions in the true religion, and inculcates peace and unity. One also to the Athenians, exciting them to the faith, and the life prescribed by the gospel, from which he shows that they had swerved, so that they had nearly fallen from the truth, since the martyrdom of Publius, then bishop, which happened in the persecutions of those times. He also makes mention of Quadratus, who was bishop after the martyrdom of Publius, bearing witness also that the church was again collected, and the faith of the people revived by his exertions. He states, moreover, that Dionysius the Areopagite, who was converted to the faith by Paul the apostle, according to the statement in the Acts of the Apostles, first obtained the episcopate of the church at Athens. There is also another epistle of his extant, addressed to the Nicomedians, in which he refutes the heresy of Marcion, and adheres closely to the rule of faith. In an epistle to the church of Gortyna, and to the other churches in Crete, he commends their bishop Philip, for the numerous instances of fortitude that the church evinced under him, according to the testimony of all, whilst he cautions them against the perversions of the heretics. He also wrote to the church at Amastris, together with those at Pontus, in which he makes mention of Bacchylides and Elpistus, as those who urged him to write. He also adds some expositions of the sacred writings, where he intimates that Palmas was then bishop. He also recommends many things in regard to marriage, and the purity to be observed by those who enter this state, and enjoins upon the church to receive kindly all that return again from their backslidings, whether heresy or delinquency. Among them is also inserted an epistle to the Gnossians, in which he admonishes Pinytus, the bishop of the church, not to impose upon the brethren without necessity, a burden in regard to purity too great to be borne, but to pay regard to the infirmity of the great mass. To which Pinytus, writing in reply, admires and applauds

Dionysius, but exhorts him at the same time to impart some time or other stronger food, and to feed the people under him with writings abounding in more perfect doctrine when he wrote again, so that they might not remain constantly nurtured with milk, and imperceptibly grow old, under a discipline calculated only for children. In which epistle, also, the correct views which Pinytus cherished, his solicitude respecting the welfare of those that were committed to his care, and his learning and intelligence in divine matters, are exhibited as in a most perfect image. There is yet another epistle, to the Romans, ascribed to Dionysius, and addressed to Soter the bishop of that city, from which we may also subjoin some extracts, from that part where he commends a practice of the Romans retained even to the persecution in our day. He writes as follows: "For this practice has prevailed with you from the very beginning, to do good to all the brethren in every way, and to send contributions to many churches in every city. Thus refreshing the needy in their want, and furnishing to the brethren condemned to the mines, what was necessary; by these contributions. which ye have been accustomed to send from the beginning, you preserve, as Romans, the practices of your ancestors. Which was not only observed by your bishop Soter, but also increased, as he not only furnished great supplies to the saints, but also encouraged the brethren that came from abroad, as a loving father his children, with consolatory words." In this same letter he mentions that of Clement to the Corinthians, showing that it was the practice to read in the churches, even from the earliest times. "To-day," says he, "we have passed the Lord's holy-day, in which we have read your epistle; in reading which we shall always have our minds stored with admonition, as we shall, also, from that written to us before by Clement." Besides this, the same author writes respecting his own epistles as having been corrupted: "As the brethren," says he, "desired me to write epistles, I wrote them, and these the apostles of the devil have filled with tares, exchanging some things, and adding others, for whom there is a woe reserved. It is not, therefore, matter of wonder, if some

There is

have also attempted to adulterate the sacred writings of the Lord, since they have attempted the same in other works that are not to be compared with these " also another epistle attributed to this Dionysius, addressed to his most faithful sister Chrysophora, in which he writes what was suitable to her, and imparts also to her the proper spiritual food. And thus much respecting Dionysius.

CHAPTER XXIV.

OF THEOPHILUS, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH.

THERE are three books containing the elements of the faith, addressed to Autolycus, which are ascribed to Theophilus, whom we have mentioned as bishop of Antioch; another, also, which has the title, "Against the heresy of Hermogenis;" in which he makes use of testimony from the Revelation of John, besides certain other catechetical works. And as the heretics, then, no less than at other times, were like tares destroying the pure seed of the apostolical doctrines, the pastors of the churches every where hastened to restrain them, as wild beasts, from the fold of Christ. Sometimes they did it by their exhortations and admonitions to the brethren, sometimes more openly contending with the heretics themselves, by oral discussions and refutations; and then again confuting their opinions, by the most rigid proofs in their written works.

Theophilus, therefore, with others, also contended against these, as is manifest from a work of no mean character, written by him against Marcion, which, together with others that we have mentioned, is still preserved. He was succeeded by Maximinus, the seventh from the apostles in the church of Antioch.

CHAPTER XXV.

OF PHILIP AND MODESTUS.

PHILIP, also, who we have seen from the words of Dionysius, was bishop of the church at Gortyna, has written a very elaborate work against Marcion. Irenæus, also, and Modestus, the last of whom beyond all others,

have detected the error of the man, and exposed it to the view of all. Many others have also written, whose labours are carefully preserved by the brethren even to this day.

CHAPTER XXVI.

OF MELITO, AND THE CIRCUMSTANCES HE RECORDS.

IN these times, also, flourished Melito, bishop of the church in Sardis, and Apollinaris, the bishop of Hierapolis. Each of these separately addressed discourses as apologies for the faith, to the existing emperor of the Romans already mentioned. Of these, the following have come to our knowledge. Of Melito, two works "On the Passover,” and "On the Conduct of Life, and the Prophets." One," On the Church," and another discourse "On the Lord's-day." One, also, "On the Nature of Man," and another, "On his Formation." A work "On the Subjection of the Senses to Faith." Besides these, a treatise "On the Soul, the Body, and the Mind." A dissertation also, "On Baptism;" one also "On Truth, and Faith, and the Generation of Christ." A discourse "On Prophecy," and "On Hospitality." Treatises entitled "The Key, "On the Devil," "The Revelation of John," "On the Incarnate God." And last of all, the discourse addressed to Antonine. In the work on the passover, he shows the time in which he wrote it, beginning with these words: "When Servilius Paulus was proconsul of Asia, at which time Sagaris suffered martyrdom, there was much discussion in Laodicea, respecting the passover, which occurred at that time in its proper season, and in which, also, these works were written." This work is also mentioned by Clement of Alexandria, in his own work on the passover, which, he says, he wrote on occasion of Melito's work. But in the book addressed to the emperor, he relates the following transactions against those of our faith, under this emperor. "What, indeed,” says he, never before happened, the race of the pious is now persecuted, driven about in Asia, by new and strange decrees. For the shameless informers, and those that crave the property of others, taking occasion from the edicts of the em

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perors, openly perpetrate robbery; night and day plundering those who are guilty of no crime." And afterwards, he says, "If these things are done by your orders, let them be done at least in a proper way. For a just ruler should never form unjust decrees. We, indeed, cheerfully bear the reward of such a death, but we only urge upon you this request, that you yourself would first take cognizance of these plotters of mischief, and justly judge, whether they deserve death and punishment, or safety and security. But if this decree, and this unheard-of ordinance, which ought not to be tolerated even against barbarous enemies, have not proceeded from you, so much the more do we entreat you not to overlook us in the midst of this lawless plunder of the populace." After a few other remarks, he adds, "The philosophy which we profess, first, indeed, flourished among the barbarians, but afterwards, when it grew up also among the nations under your government, under the glorious reign of Augustus your ancestor, it became, to your administration, an auspicious blessing. For since that time, the Roman power has grown in greatness and splendour. Whose desired successor you have become, and will be, together with your son, if you preserve that philosophy which has been nurtured with the empire, which commenced its existence with Augustus, and which also your ancestors did honour, with other religions; and one of the greatest evidences that our doctrine flourished, to the advantage of a reign so happily begun, is this, that nothing disastrous has occurred to the empire, since the reign of Augustus; on the contrary, all things have proceeded splendidly and gloriously according to the wishes of all. Nero and Domitian, alone, stimulated by certain malicious persons, showed a disposition to slander our faith. From whom it has happened also, that this falsehood respecting Christians has been propagated by an absurd practice of waylaying and informing. But your pious fathers corrected what was done through such ignorance, by frequently reproving in writing, as many as dared to attempt any opposition against those of our religion. Your grandfather Adrian evidently wrote, among others, to Fundanus the proconsul of Asia. But your father, also, when